Principles and processes for effecting change in environmental management in New Zealand

In New Zealand environmental management is essentially the responsibility of land managers. Management decisions affect both production/productivity and the environment. However, responsibility for ensuring positive environmental outcomes falls on both local (Regional) and Central Government, and both they and international agencies such as the OECD would wish to monitor and report on changes. In terms of policy, strong links have been established via Central and Regional Government to land managers. Consumers in the market place are also, increasingly, requiring responsibility for positive environmental outcomes of those who purchase and process primary products. Strong links for responsibility have been established between our international markets and processing businesses and there is a noticeable strengthening of the links from the processors to the land manager/producer. In New Zealand a range of initiatives has been developed and implemented over recent times, whereby land managers are taking increasing responsibility for accounting for the environmental outcomes of their production activities. The range covers the spectrum from voluntary to compulsory (e.g., in order to meet market requirements) and from those initiated by customers to processor and/or producer initiatives. This paper follows the evolution of the principles that drove the predominant activities of the period and the processes that initiated the changes in environmental management. As the focus of agriculturalists changed from pioneering in a new world, to establishing a production base, to economic reality, and finally to environmental responsibility, the processes of extension adapted to meet the new challenge.     

Comparative studies on the concentration of rare earth elements and heavy metals in the atmospheric particulate matter in Beijing, China, and in Delft, The Netherlands

Atmospheric particulate matter (APM) was collected at three sampling sites in Beijing, China, from February to June 1998. The concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) and cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the APM were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results obtained in Beijing, China, were compared to that obtained in Delft, the Netherlands, in 1997. The influence of coal combustion was considered. The results demonstrated that the content of APM, the concentrations of REE and Co, Zn, Cd, Pb in the APM in Beijing, China, were higher than that in Delft, the Netherlands. From the ratios of La to Ce, and La to Sm, which may be used as tracers for the origin of the REE, it is concluded that the origins of REE in China differ from those in the Netherlands.     

可持续性与生命科学产业

生物技术是 1980年代和 1990年代初作为推动一场新农业革命的技术而提出来的 .若干家大型化学公司作为“生命科学”公司的再发明旨在探讨这种新知识和寄希望于正在展开的遗传学革命 .这种范例转变在某些地区、尤其北美已经开始展开 ,但在其它地区、尤其欧洲似乎弄得十分糟糕 .如同在它之前的几个产业一样 ,生命科学产业已经无法把利害攸关者的关注充分融入其战略性决策中 .这一失败 ,加上其它因素例如对法规部门和多国公司的日益不信任 ,意味着这项新技术是在日益充满敌意的环境中推出的 .     

地表沉积物中的金球

<正> 最近在安大略东北阿比蒂比克莱伊带的冰碛物中发现了金球(直径0.05——0.2mm),这对某些砂金超源于化学沉淀提供了证据。一些深埋的不连续层位样品的重砂,含有高达     

废物在水利工程上的利用

1.前言工业废物堆存时往往会带来许多环境问题。荷兰已积累了一些在水利建设中(如筑堤坝、基础保护、过滤建筑与隔离材料等)利用废物的经验,但在建筑结构与环境影响方面还没有作什么科学研究。由于人们已逐步了解工业废物对环境的影响,所以近年来开始了这方面的科研工作。研究的内容不仅限于工业废物的性能,而且对工业废物以外的其它废物的利用也在进行研究,特别是对在水利建设中利用工业废物筑堤坝等对环境及水生生物的影响加强了研究。本文将对荷兰在水利建设中利用工业废物的经验与环境影响作一介绍。     

锡的地球化学测量数据的解释—水系沉积物中水力学因素的评价及校正

<正> 对水系沉积物中的重矿物部分进行测量,是区域地球化学普查中的常用手段。在水系发育的山区,陡峭的山崖,茂密的灌木给地质工作者进行野外物化探工作带来一定的困难。因此,把这一手段有效地用于这类地区的找矿勘探,是地质工作者的当务之急。然而,山区的水流受季节的影响较大,间歇性流水以及局部     

地球物质及地外物质的分析——三、分析方法

<正> (三)光谱化学分析1.电弧和火花发射光谱分析众所周知,光学发射光谱是最古老的分析地球物质的仪器分析方法。原则上,极少的一点样品进入光源发光点,都能被蒸发和激发。这种光源有:直流或交流电弧、减压条件下的放电(即辉光放电灯和空心阴极)、激光、火焰或分析溶液的等离子体光源。     

脂肪酸和烃类是古老沉积物和原油中生命过程的证据

有机地球化学中最近的多数活动都是从事从沉积岩和原油中分离和鉴定有机化合物,其目的在于阐明这些化合物产出的地质和生物化学意义。特别是对古代沉积物中烷烃、卟啉和氨基酸的研究。为远至早前寒武纪地质时代就存在生命形式提供了化学证据。但是,如果认为任何这类化合物本身就为沉积岩中的有机物的生物成因提供了有力证据的话,那将会产生很多麻烦。例如,代表无环异戊二烯烃特征的首尾结     

3、液相色谱中的痕量富集和化学衍生化在环境分析中的问题和潜力

在污染物痕量分析中,已认识到检测极限的重要性。通常,还有一个指标是选择性。为此,必须要用色谱分离,从而使检测程度主要取决于色谱的参数,特别是进样这一步。在从前的工作中,观察到当样品注入市售反相物质(C_8—C_(18))中时,溶介在极性溶