人口迁徙、汇款、生活轨迹及社会应变能力

我们认为,人口变化的方方面面,包括迁徙,都影响个人和团体的社会应变能力以及基本资源基础的可持续性.社会应变能力是应对和适应通过适当的制度调节的环境和社会变化的能力.我们调查了当今越南沿海地区人口变化、社会应变能力以及可持续发展之间关系的一个侧面:迁徙和汇款对依赖于资源的人口源区居民群的影响.利用有关生活来源的纵向运动数据,我们发现移民出境和汇款对一个逐渐形成的社会和政治范围内的应变能力有抵消作用.移民出境是与不可持续的沿海养殖业的发展同时并存的,而不是起推动作用.日益增加的经济不平等削弱了社会应变能力.同时,多种经营和收入水平的不断提高有助于应变能力的增强.     

水溶液中一些粘土矿物的新的稳定图形

矿物的热力学稳定图形,已用于探讨自然界地质体系的平衡或不平衡特征。用于预测体系中哪一矿物相或哪些矿物相最终将是稳定的。     

Magnetic compass orientation of migratory birds in the presence of a 1.315 MHz oscillating field

The radical pair model of magnetoreception predicts that magnetic compass orientation can be disrupted by high frequency magnetic fields in the Megahertz range. European robins, Erithacus rubecula, were tested under monochromatic 565 nm green light in 1.315 MHz fields of 0.48 T during spring and autumn migration, with 1.315 MHz being the frequency that matches the energetic splitting induced by the local geomagnetic field. The birds responses depended on the alignment of the oscillating field with respect to the static geomagnetic field: when the 1.315 MHz field was aligned parallel with the field lines, birds significantly preferred northerly directions in spring and southerly directions in autumn. These preferences reflect normal migratory orientation, with the variance slightly increased compared to control tests in the geomagnetic field alone or to tests in a 7.0 MHz field. However, in the 1.315 MHz field aligned at a 24° angle to the field lines, the birds were disoriented in both seasons, indicating that the high frequency field interfered with magnetoreception. These finding are in agreement with theoretical predictions and support the assumption of a radical-pair mechanism underlying the processes mediating magnetic compass information in birds.     

为评价电厂对鱼类种群影响而展开的后代群体模型

前言近年来,一些有价值的科学成就已扩展为方法论而应用于环境生物学评价。比较典型的是,生态学家有负责建立预报“影响源”(如电厂)的生态学效应并在某一特定时期内使用它。为这一任务所提供的或可利用资料的种类和质量参差不一,如可用于分析的时间和成果的水平等。Van Winkle(1976)等指出:生态学家的是鉴定最可能受影响的生态系统的组成并尽可能定量地预报其影响的大小。Christensen(1976)等指出:摸拟模型已是一种有用的工具、特别是用于分析选定的某个单一种群。例如,关于电厂取水     

瑞士Greifen湖新近沉积物中的137Cs分布及其计年

于瑞士Greifen湖不同复水深度的位置,采集了直径为12cm的四个沉积物孔心样品,测得~(137)Cs的垂直剖面具相似的分布类型.由垂直剖面中~(137)Cs的峰值作沉积物计年标志得知:沉积物积累速度变化范围为0.22—0.085g/cm~2·a,随采样点与入湖的M(?)nch河口距离增加而递减.界面层沉积作用速率变化范围为1.4—0.55cm/a.显示出入湖泥沙输入和复水深度的双重影响.实际资料和理论概算表明.湖中的大部分~(137)Cs来自M(?)nch河积水盆地并在湖中得到净化.     

降水的同位素组成中令人难以捉摸的气候信号

降水的氢、氧同位素组成中包含有气候信号。降水中的两类气候信号表现为降水的同位素组成与温度和降水量之间有相关关系。在极地大陆地区，温度信号最强烈；在热带地区，降水量信号最强烈，在温带地区，这两种信号共存，从而使气候信息的解释比较困难。**对长期收集降水同位素数据的8个3也区的研究表明，降水同位素组成与气候信号之间的相关关系通常局根于一年中的某些季节。降水量与同位素或温度与同位素之间只在一年中的一定季节里保持良好的年间关系。而在逐年比较的基础上，大多数地区的全年尺度的相关关系则比较差。对纽约州东南部连续7年收集的各次降水的详尽分析表明，该区降水的同位素组成与温度和降水量乏间分别在在着年间的相关关系，但只限于一年中的特定的几个季节。1月至4月温度信号最强烈；5月至8月降水量信号最强烈；9月至12月未观测到单一的气候信号。春季改变暴风雨走向轨迹的大气环流模式，可极有效地解释1月至4月的温度信号。夏季大气环流模式所确定的降水期间的锋面位置，可极有效地解释5月至8月的降水量信号。     

Detecting ozone and demonstrating its phytotoxicity in forested areas of Poland: a pilot study

Ambient concentrations of ozone (O(3)) were measured and O(3) phytotoxicity to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was demonstrated in several forest locations in Poland during a pilot study from July-October, 1991. At southern and central locations in Poland, the 24-hour average O(3) concentrations measured with a UV absorption photometer were in the range of 32-55 ppb, and the corresponding 1-hour maxima in the range of 39-83 ppb. At these locations longer period (four to fifteen days) average concentrations were determined using O(3) passive samplers (DGA, Inc.) and were reaching 60 ppb, while at Bialowieza in eastern Poland O(3) concentrations averaged less than 40 ppb. In Szarow, near the Niepolomice Forest in southern Poland, 1-hour O(3) maxima estimated from the data obtained using passive samplers were about 105 ppb in early September. At several locations in southern and central Poland, extensive O(3) injury was determined on O(3)-sensitive Bel W-3 tobacco plants; such injury did not occur in the Bialowieza Forest of eastern Poland. The results of this pilot study indicate that O(3) is present at phytotoxic levels in southern and central Poland.     

Whole-plant growth and leaf formation in ozonated hybrid poplar (Populus x euramericana)

Seasonal growth was studied in potted cuttings of hybrid poplar (one clone of Populus x euramericana) either exposed to ozone in filtered air (0 = control, 0.05, 0.10 microl litre(-1)) or in ambient air (mean = 0.03 microl litre(-1)). Only at 0.10 microl litre(-1) was biomass production reduced and related to leaf loss rather than leaf formation, since the latter was similar in all treatments. Stem length at 0.10 microl litre(-1) approached that of the control, whereas starch concentration in the green stem bark tended to be reduced, as were the ratios of stem weight/length and root/shoot biomass. The changes in carbon allocation and biomass production gradually became established during the second half of the growing season. At the altered carbon allocation at 0.10 microl litre(-1), the ratio of whole-plant production/attached foliage area resembled that of the other O(3) regimes. However, the latter ratio was strongly reduced at 0.10 microl litre(-1) when calculated on the basis of the potential foliage area, as compensated for the O(3)-induced leaf loss. Thus the carbon return/cost balance of the totally formed foliage was low, although the relative-growth rate of ozonated plants temporarily reached that of the control. The relation between leaf differentiation under ozonation (lowered stomatal density) and whole-plant production remains uncertain. The plant behavior found is discussed in terms of passive response or acclimatization to O(3) stress.     

用电子探针分析结果确定岩石中单颗粒晶质铀矿的年龄

用电子探针测得的单个晶质铀矿(UO_2)颗粒中U、Th与Pb的含量可用来计算该晶质铀矿颗粒的形成年龄。该年龄称为化学年龄。用本法计算了一系列具很宽年龄范围的天然样品的年龄。与同位素测定结果相比较,用本法算得的年龄是可靠的。以前人们提出的计算化学年龄的近似公式并不十分可靠,尤其是当Th含量高和样品年龄较老时更是如此。介绍了用迭代法计算化学年龄的方法,该法应用精确的计算公式,且晶质铀矿年龄的计算结果与同位素测定值相比较也是可靠的。对于矿物和矿物结构记载了多次地质事件信息的样品,本方法特别有用。对两个记载了双重年龄信息的样品实例进行了讨论,旨在说明这些年龄值与主岩形成过程中各种地质事件的关系。一个实例是冲积层重矿物样品,由于所含的晶质铀矿年龄值明显不同,说明它们来自两个不同的蚀源区。另一个实例说明同一岩石样品中可区分出两种铀矿化相,一个相与沉积成岩过程有关,第二个相记载了晚期构造运动时铀的再活化。     

用加速溶剂提取仪提取污染土壤中的有机氯农药

研究加速溶剂萃取对土壤中有机氯农药的提取效果,并与索氏提取法进行比较。结果表明,加速溶剂萃取对土壤中滴滴涕的回收率明显高于索氏提取,对土壤中BHC的提取能力与索氏提取相当。用该方法测定了天津污灌区和非污灌区土壤样品中的有机氯农药残留量。结果表明,α-BHC、β-BHC、δ-BHC、γ-BHC、p,p’-DDE、p,p’-DDD、p,p’-DDT、o,p’-DDT的检出率为100％,这些有机氯农药在污灌旱地和稻田地的残留量分别为7．5－71．1ng/g和3．0－16．5ng/g。非污灌的旱地中有机氯农药的残留量为3．1－17．6ng/g。