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971.
E. Blondeel M. Chys V. Depuydt K. Folens G. Du laing A. Verliefde S.W.H. Van Hulle 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(12):2674-2686
Scrap material recovery and recycling companies are confronted with waste water that has a highly fluctuating flow rate and composition. Common pollutants, such as COD, nutrients and suspended solids, potentially toxic metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and poly chlorinated biphenyls can exceed the discharge limits. An analysis of the leaching behaviour of different scrap materials and scrap yard sweepings was performed at full-scale, pilot-scale and lab-scale in order to find possible preventive solutions for this waste water problem. The results of these leaching tests (with concentrations that frequently exceeded the Flemish discharge limits) showed the importance of regular sweeping campaigns at the company, leak proof or covered storage of specific scrap materials and oil/water separation on particular leachates. The particulate versus dissolved fraction was also studied for the pollutants. For example, up to 98% of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons, poly chlorinated biphenyls and some metals were in the particulate form. This confirms the (potential) applicability of sedimentation and filtration techniques for the treatment of the majority of the leachates, and as such the rainwater run-off as a whole. 相似文献
972.
Alexander Lorenz Matthias G. W. Schmidt Elmar Kriegler Hermann Held 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2012,17(1-2):163-175
Several integrated assessment studies have concluded that future learning about the uncertainties involved in climate change has a considerable effect on welfare but only a small effect on optimal short-term emissions. In other words, learning is important but anticipation of learning is not. We confirm this result in the integrated assessment model “model of investment and technological development” for learning about climate sensitivity and climate damages. If learning about an irreversible threshold is included, though, we show that anticipation can become crucial both in terms of necessary adjustments of pre-learning emissions and resulting welfare gains. We specify conditions on the time of learning and the threshold characteristic, for which this is the case. They can be summarized as a narrow “anticipation window.” 相似文献
973.
The system performance of a trickle bed biofilter for treating single and mixed benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene (BTEX) vapors from waste gases was investigated under different gas flow rates and influent BTEX concentrations. When a single substrate was fed, removal efficiencies of greater than 90% could be achieved for the loads below 64 g benzene/m3/hr, 110 g toluene/m3/hr, 53 g ethylbenzene/m3/hr, and 55 g o-xylene/m3/hr. When a mixed substrate was fed, removal efficiencies of each compound could be above 90% at BTEX loads below 96 g/m3/hr. The trickle bed biofilter appears to be an effective treatment process for removing both single and mixed BTEX vapors with low to high loads. Under similar substrate loads, BTEX vapors were preferentially biodegraded in the order of toluene, benzene, o-xylene, and ethylbenzene. The volumetric removal rates (elimination capacities) of BTEX vapors for a single-substrate feed were higher than those for a mixed-substrate feed under similar substrate loads; these differences were enhanced at higher substrate loads and less significant for a preferred substrate. 相似文献
974.
Ando A McConnell V Harrington W 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2000,50(4):509-521
The Arizona inspection and maintenance (I/M) program provides one of the first opportunities to examine the costs and effectiveness of vehicle emission repair. This paper examines various aspects of emission reductions, fuel economy improvements, and repair costs, drawing data from over 80,000 vehicles that failed the I/M test in Arizona between 1995 and the first half of 1996. We summarize the wealth of data on repair from the Arizona program and highlight its limitations. Because missing or incomplete cost information has been a serious shortcoming for the evaluation of I/M programs, we develop a method for estimating repair costs when they are not reported. We find surprising evidence that almost one quarter of all vehicles that take the I/M test are never observed to pass the test. Using a statistical analysis, we provide some information about the differences between the vehicles that pass and those that do not. Older, more polluting vehicles are much more likely never to pass the I/M test, and their expected repair costs are much higher than those for newer cars. This paper summarizes the evidence on costs and emission reductions in the Arizona program, comparing costs and emissions reductions between cars and trucks. Finally, we examine the potential for more cost-effective repair, first through an analysis of tightening I/M cut points and then by calculating the cost savings of achieving different emission reduction goals when the most cost-effective repairs are made first. 相似文献
975.
Fant F De Sloovere A Matthijsen K Marlé C el Fantroussi S Verstraete W 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2001,111(3):503-507
Sites polluted with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) constitute a worldwide problem. In this work, chemical reactions for binding TNT to amino-compounds are proposed as an initial step for developing new remediation techniques to clean-up groundwater and soils contaminated with TNT. Indeed, addition of aniline and an amino acid-like cysteine caused a decrease in free TNT of 86% and 68-100%, respectively. Using 13C-NMR spectroscopy, it was shown that TNT chemically forms a Meisenheimer complex with cysteine and aniline in 1/1 (by vol.) H2O/d6-acetone. 相似文献
976.
A single photon ionization, molecular beam sampling, reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (SPI/MBTOFMS) has been developed and used to study pyrolysis products from a selection of biomass materials. Spectra are characterized by high resolution and decreased fragmentation compared to electron-impact ionization mass spectra from related molecular beam mass spectrometer systems equipped with quadrupole mass analyzers. 相似文献
977.
Bergmann A Bi Y Chen L Floehr T Henkelmann B Holbach A Hollert H Hu W Kranzioch I Klumpp E Küppers S Norra S Ottermanns R Pfister G Roß-Nickoll M Schäffer A Schleicher N Schmidt B Scholz-Starke B Schramm KW Subklew G Tiehm A Temoka C Wang J Westrich B Wilken RD Wolf A Xiang X Yuan Y 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(4):1341-1344
978.
Synergistic effects of combination of photolysis and ozonation on destruction of chlorophenols in water. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W S Kuo 《Chemosphere》1999,39(11):1853-1860
Synergistic effects including TOC elimination, ozone consumption and microtoxicity reduction for combination of photolysis and ozonation compared to those of direct photolysis and ozonation alone on destruction of chlorophenols including 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol were studied. It was found that the synergistic effects of combination of photolysis and ozonation increased obviously with increasing initial pH of solution to basic pH levels. Results showed that the synergistic effects of photolytic ozonation under the conditions imposed was notable with mineralization rate enlarging more than 100%, oxidation index (OI) decreasing 50%, and microtoxicity being reduced by 30%, indicating that the potentialities of photolytic ozonation compared to direct photolysis and ozonation alone was remarkable for treatment of industrial wastewater containing chlorophenols. 相似文献
979.
Jimenez J Claiborn C Larson T Gould T Kirchstetter TW Gundel L 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(7):868-873
In this study, a correction was developed for the aethalometer to measure real-time black carbon (BC) concentrations in an environment dominated by fresh diesel soot. The relationship between the actual mass-specific absorption coefficient for BC and the BC-dependent attenuation coefficients was determined from experiments conducted in a diesel exposure chamber that provided constant concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM; PM(2.5); PM < 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) from diesel exhaust. The aethalometer reported BC concentrations decreasing with time from 48.1 to 31.5 microg m(-3) when exposed to constant PM(2.5) concentrations of 55 +/- 1 microg m(-3) and b(scat) = 95 +/- 3 Mm(-1) from diesel exhaust. This apparent decrease in reported light-absorbing PM concentration was used to derive a correction K(ATN) for loading of strong light-absorbing particles onto or into the aethalometer filter tape, which was a function of attenuation of light at 880 nm by the embedded particles. 相似文献
980.
Kopittke PM Asher CJ Menzies NW 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(3):548-554
Despite the presence of numerous studies in the literature examining the phytotoxicity of Pb, there is a lack of precise quantitative data on limiting concentrations of Pb for plant growth. Using the PhreeqcI chemical equilibrium model, simulations were conducted to examine the speciation of Pb in concentrated and dilute nutrient solutions. Due to the higher P concentration of Hoagland's solution (1000microM), precipitation of chloropyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl) was predicted to occur at lower pH values, and at lower Pb concentrations, than for a dilute nutrient solution (2microM P). Although nutrient solutions prepared in the glasshouse were supersaturated (and Pb concentrations were substantially higher than predicted by modeling), they confirmed the importance of the P concentration in influencing the precipitation of Pb. Given the low solubility of Pb-phosphates, nutrient solutions with low P concentrations should be utilized, and plant growth should be related to measured Pb concentrations rather than to the quantity of Pb initially added. 相似文献