Distribution and dissipation pathways of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in the Yellow River: Site investigation and lab-scale studies

Spatial distribution of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) and nonylphenol (NP) was investigated in a field study in Lanzhou Reach of the Yellow River. NPEOs and their metabolites were found in the river, with the maximum dissolved concentrations of 6.38 nmol/L for NPEOs, 0.19 nmol/L for nonylphenol ethoxy acetic acids (NPECs) and 0.79 nmol/L for NP, respectively. The maximum concentrations in the sediment and suspended particle samples were 1.50 and 5.09 nmol/g for NPEOs and NP, respectively. The effects of particles, light and microorganism on the dissipation of NPEOs in the river water were investigated based on lab-scale experiments. When natural particles were removed, 72% and 22% degradation of NPEOs were achieved at 120 h in non-sterile and sterile conditions with light, respectively. Different concentrations of NPECs were also observed in these experiments. When suspended particle matters (SPMs) were present, about 38-50% of NPEOs were sorbed to the particulate phase in only 1 h. As a result, the degradation of NPEOs and production of NPECs were inhibited. However, the combined sorption and degradation in the presence of SPMs resulted in lower dissolved NPEO concentrations than those in the absence of SPMs. Biodegradation was the most important pathway for NPEOs degradation in the river water, while NPECs seemed to be produced through both biological and abiological pathways.     

Effects of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol on the reproduction of the cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia reticulata and Sida crystallina

Single-species tests allow the assessment of chronical effects of endocrine disruptors on organisms under laboratory conditions. In the current study, three-generation tests with Ceriodaphnia reticulata and Sida crystallina were carried out to examine the influence of the synthetic hormone 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE) on the reproduction of these cladoceran species. For each species, six different concentrations (10-500 microg/l EE) and two controls were tested with eight replicates for a duration of 4 weeks. The test was initiated by transferring one neonate individual into a test vessel which was incubated under standardized conditions. Every 2 days, the medium was renewed and life history parameters such as survivorship of the adults and juveniles, clutch size, first appearance and number of produced offspring were investigated. Acute toxicity tests showed that C. reticulata (EC50 (24 h) 1814 microg/l) was more sensitive towards the substance compared to S. crystallina (EC50 (24 h) >4100 microg/l). The juvenile phase of S. crystallina was significantly shorter at concentrations above 100 microg/l EE. For C. reticulata, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol caused a higher mortality of the newly hatched juveniles at EE concentrations above 200 microg/l. No effects were found for mortality of adult animals, birth rate, number of juveniles per female and net reproduction rate of S. crystallina and C. reticulata. Thus, sublethal effects on parental generation exposed to EE lead to disturbances in reproduction and to affection of their offspring. Negative consequences for the population dynamic cannot be excluded, e.g. the decrease of a population.     

Effects of flue gas composition on the catalytic destruction of chlorinated aromatic compounds with a V-oxide catalyst

When using catalytic flue gas cleaning, several flue gas compounds may influence oxidation reactions of hazardous volatile organic compounds, possibly leading to lower reaction rates and, thus, to an incomplete destruction. Experimental investigations were performed with regard to the influence of selected flue gas compounds, like hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, oxygen, and water vapour, on the catalytic destruction behavior of chlorobenzenes under flue gas cleaning conditions of an incineration plant. For this purpose, a metal oxide catalyst was operated at different temperatures at a space velocity of 3600 h-1 in a laboratory-scale fixed bed reactor with model flue gases, and with real flue gases generated from the TAMARA waste incineration plant. The results obtained from the studies with model flue gas were analyzed with respect to reaction kinetics. These kinetics were applied for comparison with the experimental data gained in the real flue gas.     

宾夕法尼亚泥盆系卡茨基尔组砂岩型铀矿床附近古含水层中的铀异常

<正> 过去研究砂岩型铀矿床时很少考察或研究矿体外围铀异常的范围和性质,然而在寻找附属矿床时,由矿体和异常晕带所组成的一个较大的目标区可能是很有帮助的。另外,航空放射性测量和分散流地球化学异常的范围都取决于矿体内外的铀分布。根据对砂岩型矿床附近沉积物中铀的区域异常研究的部分结果,我们获得了明显的印象:怀俄明卷型铀矿床的铀所通过的古含水层具有明显的铀异常。另外,还获得了背景样品的一大套数据,从而可以了解铀、钍和主要元素之间的关系,这对于研究沉积岩中的铀和识别岩石样品的弱异常具有普遍的实用价值。     

Different reaction mechanisms of diphenylether and 4-bromodiphenylether with nitrous acid in the 355 nm laser flash photolysis of mixed aqueous solution

The microscopic reaction mechanisms of diphenylether (DPE) and 4-bromodiphenylether (4-BrDPE) with nitrous acid (HNO(2)) in the absence of O(2) have been explored by the 355nm laser flash photolysis. It was proposed that OH radical, from the photolysis of HNO(2), added to DPE forms the C(12)H(10)O-OH adduct while added to 4-BrDPE forms the 4-BrDPE-OH and 4-BrOH-DPE adducts. The first-order decay rate constants of the C(12)H(10)O-OH adduct, 4-BrDPE-OH adduct and 4-BrOH-DPE adduct were measured to be (1.86+/-0.14)x10(5)s(-1), (2.19+/-0.04)x10(5)s(-1) and (1.56+/-0.03)x10(5)s(-1), respectively. The final photolysis products of DPE and HNO(2) identified by GC/MS analysis were phenol, o-hydroxydiphenylether, p-hydroxydiphenylether and p-nitrodiphenylether, while the final photolysis product of 4-BrDPE and HNO(2) identified by LC/MS analysis was mainly the dimer.     

低剂量微囊藻毒素亚急性肝毒性及其机理

为了研究低剂量微囊藻毒素 (MC)的亚急性肝毒性及其作用机理 ,将SD大鼠随机分为 4组 ,每组雌雄各 1 0只 ,分别经腹腔注射MC 0 ,4,8,1 2 μg·(kg·d) - 1,3 5天后观察各组大鼠血清酶学和肝脏病理学变化 .用原位末端标记法 (TUNEL)观察肝细胞凋亡 ,并用ABC免疫组化技术检测肝脏增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA) .结果表明染毒组大鼠血清γ 谷氨酰转移酶 (GGT)活力和全血谷胱甘肽 (GSH)浓度下降 ,血清乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)和谷草转氨酶(AST)升高 ,谷丙转氨酶 (ALT)未见显著变化 .染毒组大鼠肝脏出现特征性的形态学变化 ,并有活跃的肝细胞凋亡和增生并存的现象 .说明微囊藻毒素引起的氧化损伤和肝细胞凋亡可能是其致肝脏毒性的原因     

热释光测定火山斜长石的年代

<正> 矿物在热激发期间发射的光强与它最后受热(古剂量)以来累积的辐射剂量有关。一个基本假设是造成热释光发射的电子捕获态是稳定的。通常的检查,即“坪”检查,是将天然热释光与实验室加辐射剂量所诱发的热释光增量(人工热释光)之比对温度作图,在     

南朝鲜丽州矿区含金-银热液脉型矿床的流体包裹体和稳定同位素研究

丽州金-银矿区位于汉城东南约60km的朝鲜半岛前寒武纪京畿变质岩带内。该矿区的矿山沿含金热液石英脉分布,这些石英脉穿切了早元古代眼球状片麻岩和中生代花岗岩。矿化分三个阶段(Ⅰ阶段、Ⅱ阶段和碳酸盐阶段),这三个阶段的矿化均充填早期的断层角砾岩带。流体包裹体资料表明,含硫化物-石英的Ⅰ和Ⅱ阶段从早期高温(约350℃)演化至后期较低温度(约180℃)。成矿后的碳酸盐阶段的流体包裹体资料反映出热液流体的温度更低(220—190℃),盐度更低(4—5当量％NaCl)。 流体包裹体和稳定同位素证据证明,银金矿、辉铜银矿、辉银矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿在温度为285—185℃时,从盐度为14.0—2.6当量％NaCl的流体中沉淀出来。流体包裹体的沸腾证据说明,Ⅰ和Ⅱ阶段矿化期间压力小于100bar,相当于深度为500的岩石静压力和1250m的静水压力。 Ⅰ阶段硫化物的硫同位素组成随共生时间而系统地减少,算出的δ~(34)S_(H_2S)值从7.7‰降至0.7‰。流体的硫酸盐/硫化物比值的逐渐增大很可能是由于沸腾时H_2S的丢失以及温度的降低造成的。不仅使δ~(34)S_(H_2S)值随时间而系统地减少,而且可能也导致金因Au(HO)_2~-分解而沉淀。 丽州矿区热液流体的氢和氧同位素值与以大气降水为主一致,而接近于未交换的大气降水值。这些值与南朝鲜其他?     

Remediation of cadmium-contaminated paddy soils by washing with chemicals: effect of soil washing on cadmium uptake by soybean

We conducted a pot experiment to evaluate the effect of soil washing with CaCl(2) on Cd absorption by two soybean cultivars. The results were as follows: (1) Soybean growth was not significantly different in washed and unwashed soils, but the seed Cd concentration for both cultivars decreased significantly, up to 25%, in the washed soils compared with the unwashed soils. (2) In the washed soils, the Cd concentration in the soil solution indicated an obviously lower value from sowing to the flowering stage; however, the change in Cd speciation was not evident in the CaCl(2)-washed soil solution. Consequently, the effect of soil washing using CaCl(2) on Cd-contaminated paddy soils can be expected to continue after a CaCl(2)-washed paddy field is converted to an upland field.     

Ozone pre-treatment as improver of PAH removal during anaerobic digestion of urban sludge

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous persistent pollutants. They may accumulate in sludge during wastewater treatment because of their low biodegradability and their hydrophobic characteristics. Combination of ozonation and anaerobic digestion may be efficient to remove PAHs naturally present in sludge. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of ozone pre-treatment, with and without surfactant addition, on the anaerobic degradation of 12 PAHs (from low to high molecular weight). Under anaerobic digestion without ozonation pre-treatment, the highest removals were obtained for the lightest PAHs (3-aromatic rings). Ozonation pre-treatment of sludge allowed to increase biodegradability or bioavailability of each PAH, and the PAH removals were well correlated to the PAH solubility. Finally, addition of tyloxapol before sludge ozone pre-treatment had antagonist effects on PAH removal during anaerobic digestion: negative impact on anaerobic ecosystem activity and improvement of PAH bioaccessibility (particularly the PAHs with the highest octanol water partition coefficients).