Microbial degradation of phthalic acid esters under anaerobic digestion of sludge

The microbial degradation by anaerobic sludge of three phthalates, priority pollutants, listed by both China National Environmental Monitoring Center and the U.S.EPA, namely, dimethyl (DMP), di-n-butyl (DBP) and di-n-octyl (DOP) phthalates was investigated. The experimental results indicated that the biodegradation rate and the biodegradability of three phthalates under anaerobic conditions appeared to be related to the length of the alkyl-side chains. More than 90% of DMP and DBP with the short alkyl-side chain phthalates can be degraded, whereas the DOP degradation appeared to be relatively slow under the same experimental conditions. The quantity of methane produced was measured and the results showed that both the ester groups and the phthalate ring were mineralized at a significant rate. The kinetics study demonstrated that the biodegradation of three phthalates conformed to the first-order model with respect to their concentrations.     

Determination of Q1, an unknown organochlorine contaminant, in human milk, Antarctic air, and further environmental samples

Q1, an organochlorine component with the molecular formula C(9)H(3)Cl(7)N(2) and of unknown origin was recently identified in seal blubber samples from the Namibian coast (southwest of Africa) and the Antarctic. In these samples, Q1 was more abundant than PCBs and on the level of DDT residues. Furthermore, Q1 was more abundant in seals from the Antarctic than the Arctic. To prove this assumption, gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS), which is sensitive and selective for Q1, allowed for screening of traces of Q1 even in samples with particularly high levels of other organochlorine contaminants. Q1 was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from a skua liver sample. A 1:1 mixture with trans-nonachlor in electron-capture detectors (ECDs) was used to determine the relative response factor with ECNI-MS. The ECNI-MS response of Q1 turned out to be 4.5 times higher than that of trans-nonachlor in an ECD. With GC/ECNI-MS in the selected ion-monitoring mode, four Antarctic and four Arctic air samples were investigated for the presence of Q1. In the Antarctic air samples, Q1 levels ranged from 0.7 to 0.9 fg/m(3). In Arctic air samples, however, Q1 was below the detection limit (<0.06 fg/m(3) or 60 ag/m(3)). We also report on high Q1 levels in selected human milk samples (12-230 microg/kg lipid) and, therefore, suggested that the unknown Q1 is an environmental compound whose origin and distribution should be investigated in detail. Our data confirm that Q1 is a bioaccumulative natural organochlorine product. Detection of a highly chlorinated natural organochlorine compound in air and human milk is novel.     

In situ monitoring of the mutagenic effects of the gaseous emissions of a solid waste incinerator in metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil, using the Tradescantia stamen-hair assay

The present work was designed to determine the potential genotoxicity at the vicinity of a solid waste incinerator in the metropolitan area of S?o Paulo, using the Tradescantia stamen-hair bioassay. Experiments were carried out between December 1998 and April 1999 in four regions (40 pots of plants per site) selected on the basis of their pollution levels predicted by theoretical modeling of the dispersion of the incinerator's plume. The exposure sites were defined as follows: highest level (incinerator); a high level (museum) located 1.5 km from the emission point; a moderate level (school, at a distance of 3.5 km from the incinerator); and a control (at Jaguariúna countryside). The difference in genotoxicity among the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The frequency of mutations observed in the countryside was significantly lower [2.25 +/- 1.55, mean +/- SD (standard deviation)] than that of the sites close to the incinerator. The frequency of mutations measured at the school (3.70 +/- 1.36) was significantly lower than that measured at both the museum (4.89 +/- 1.12) and the incinerator (5.69 +/- 1.34). In conclusion, we found a positive correlation between the spatial distribution of the emissions of the incinerator located in an urban area and the mutagenic events measured by the Tradescantia stamen-hair assay. The in situ approach employed in this study was simple, efficient, and of low cost. No air or chemical extraction of pollutants was necessary for genotoxicity testing as required by other assays.     

玻安岩及其有关岩石研究

<正> 引言玻安岩(也称玻苏玄武岩)是根据日本小笠原群岛命名的一类岩石。人们早就发现了这类岩石,但把它列入重要岩类加以研究则是七十年代末的事情。近几年来,随着海洋地质学的发展,尤其是一系列深海钻探计划的实施,     

火山超镁铁岩及其他镁铁-超镁铁系列岩石的铬尖晶石类化学成分和结晶条件

<正> 对堪察加和麦美奇-科图伊地区的火山超镁铁岩中铬尖晶石进行了化学对比研究,所得结果可与大量文献中关于其他岩类铬尖晶石成分的研究结果相比拟。 麦美奇-科图伊地区熔岩质杂岩和堪察加熔岩质脉状杂岩的铬尖晶石类主要是细粒状(百分之几毫米,较少为十分之几毫米),或为规则的自形晶,或为浑圆状。它们在岩石中的分布是不均匀的,成为橄榄石斑晶中和玻基斑状及微晶状基质中的包裹体。     

滨海地区侵入带附近一种新的锡矿化类型

<正> 在滨海地区广泛地发育着不同年代和不同建造的锡矿化。据等的资料,已知有贝加尔、海西、启莫里和阿尔卑斯成矿期的锡矿床和锡矿化。阿尔卑斯成矿最多,它又分为两个锡矿化阶段:晚自垩世-古新世和始新世。滨海地区分布最广泛的有锡石-硅酸盐-硫化物矿床,其成分和结构按其在黑云母交代岩前缘位置的情况而变化。对滨海南部许多矿床的深部地质构造进行的详细研究表明,分布在黑云岩穹隆内部(“核心”带)的锡矿化,其年龄大于未变质地层中的矿化年     

根据含水硅酸盐的氢同位素资料研究水在花岗岩岩浆中的行为

<正> 本文对各种花岗岩中共生含水矿物对,例如黑云母(+)和角闪石(o)的化学组成(包括水的含量)和 D/H 比值作了分析。Suzuoki 和 Epstein(1976)发现,含水硅酸盐与水之间 D/H 的分馏不仅取决于温度,并且也与八面体上的阳离子组成有关。二价铁使得矿物的氘显著减少,镁的程度要小些,而铝则稍微富集氘。他们对云母和闪石类给出如下经验方程:10~3lnα_=-22.4×10~6T~(-2)+28.2+(2X_(A1)-     

聚合物净水

每种工业过程都产生及排放污水。这样一来,既耗费清洁的水,又不可避免地要进行有效的水处理。近年来,有机聚电解质在工业水处理中已得到广泛的应用。这些水溶性合成物质可用于分离金属生产、石油精制、纸浆造纸和食品加工工业中排     

Review of ozone and temperature lidar validations performed within the framework of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change

The use of assimilation tools for satellite validation requires true estimates of the accuracy of the reference data. Since its inception, the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) has provided systematic lidar measurements of ozone and temperature at several places around the world that are well adapted for satellite validations. Regular exercises have been organised to ensure the data quality at each individual site. These exercises can be separated into three categories: large scale intercomparisons using multiple instruments, including a mobile lidar; using satellite observations as a geographic transfer standards to compare measurements at different sites; and comparative investigations of the analysis software. NDSC is a research network, so each system has its own history, design, and analysis, and has participated differently in validation campaigns. There are still some technological differences that may explain different accuracies. However, the comparison campaigns performed over the last decade have always proved to be very helpful in improving the measurements. To date, more efforts have been devoted to characterising ozone measurements than to temperature observations. The synthesis of the published works shows that the network can potentially be considered as homogeneous within +/-2% between 20-35 km for ozone and +/-1 K between 35-60 km for temperature. Outside this altitude range, larger biases are reported and more efforts are required. In the lower stratosphere, Raman channels seem to improve comparisons but such capabilities were not systematically compared. At the top of the profiles, more investigations on analysis methodologies are still probably needed. SAGE II and GOMOS appear to be excellent tools for future ozone lidar validations but need to be better coordinated and take more advantage of assimilation tools. Also, temperature validations face major difficulties caused by atmospheric tides and therefore require intercomparisons with the mobile systems, at all sites.     

荷兰政府的可持续采购思路

在 1 997年中期荷兰政府公布的《环境与经济政策文件》中 ,在为期 5年内为一项鼓励性计划拨款 1 0 0 0万荷兰盾 ,以提高环境在政府机构采购和签合同时的重要性 .这是给市场一个明确的信号 :应当重视环境 .这个“可持续采购计划”的目标有三个 :◆为其它人树立榜样 ;◆实现即时环境效益 ;◆通过创造 /增加对那些给环境带来较小负担的产品的需求 ,和通过刺激“绿色”产品革新 ,对市场施加影响 .为了实现这些目标 ,该计划的宗旨是通过中央政府 ( 1 3个部 )、1 2个荷兰省、5 72个市和 68个负责水管理的水局 ,刺激和便利自愿协调的可持续采购 .这…