扎龙湿地南山湖沉积岩芯重金属污染特征及来源判别

选取扎龙湿地南部围湖造田、湖水养殖典型湖泊——南山湖为研究区,分析NSH2沉积岩芯中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Mn、Ag、Cu、Co、Fe和Zn这11种重金属元素总量的垂向分布特征,结合颗粒组成指标,采用主成分分析的方法,并辅以210Pbex测年数据,研究了自1829年以来该湖区沉积物重金属元素污染特征、来源及污染历史.结果表明：①近两百年以来沉积物沉积速率经历了由慢到快再到慢的过程,沉积历史与南山湖流域人类的生产活动和水土保持政策相吻合;②1957年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1957～1985年间存在小幅波动,1985年以后变化明显,其中Hg、Cd和Ag含量明显偏高;③NSH2沉积岩芯重金属污染来源以生活污水、化肥农药的流失以及煤与汽油等燃料的燃烧为主,其次是有机质降解、岩石风化和侵蚀,还存在工业排污源,贡献率分别为50.14%、19.90%和10.32%.南山湖重金属污染具有一定的潜在风险,在当地湖泊湿地污染治理中应予以足够的重视,此研究可为扎龙湿地湖区生态环境的整治与改善提供基础性的数据资料.     

Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2

Boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized using modified sol-gel reaction process and characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, particle size distribution （PSD）, diffuse reflectance spectra （DRS）, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by monitoring the degradation of dye Acid Red B （ARB）. The results showed that the prepared photocatalysts were mixed oxides mainly consisting of titania, ceria, and boron oxide. The structure of TiO2 could be transformed from amorphous to anatase and then to rutile by increasing calcination temperature; the transformation being accompanied by the growth of particle size without any obvious change in phase structure of CeO2. The XPS of B1.6Ce1.0-TiO2 prepared at 500℃ showed that a few boron atoms were incorporated into titania and ceria lattice, whereas others existed as B2O3. Cerium ions existed in two states, Ce^3＋ and Ce^4＋, and the atomic ratio of Ce^3＋/Ce^4＋ was 1.86. When boron and cerium were doped, the UV-Vis adsorption band wavelength showed an obvious shift toward the visible range （〈526 nm）. As the atomic ratio of Ce/Ti increased to 1.0, the absorbance edge wavelength increased to 481 nm. The absorbance edge wavelength decreased for higher cerium doping levels （Ce/Ti=2.0）. The particles size ranged from 122 to 255 nm with a domain at 168 nm （39.4%）. The degradation of ARB dye indicated that the photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 were much higher than those of P25 （a standard TiO2 powder）. The activities increased as the boron doping increased, whereas decreased when the Ce/Ti atomic ratio was greater than 0.5. The optimum atomic ratio of B/Ti and Ce/Ti was 1.6 and 0.5, respectively.     

Characteristics of anoxic phosphors removal in sequence batch reactor

The characteristics of anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake were investigated in sequencing batch reactors using denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria （DPB） sludge. The lab-scale experiments were accomplished under conditions of various nitrite concentrations （5.5, 9.5, and 15 mg/L） and mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） （1844, 3231, and 6730 mg/L）. The results obtained confirmed that nitrite, MLSS, and pH were key factors, which had a significant impact on anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake in the biological phosphorous removal process. The nitrites were able to successfully act as electron acceptors for phosphorous uptake at a limited concentration between 5.5 and 9.5 mg/L. The denitrification and dephosphorous were inhibited when the nitrite concentration reached 15 mg/L. This observation indicated that the nitrite would not inhibit phosphorus uptake before it exceeded a threshold concentration. It was assumed that an increase of MLSS concentration from 1844 mg/L to 6730 mg/L led to the increase of denitrification and anoxic P-uptake rate. On the contrary, the average P-uptake/N denitrifying reduced from 2.10 to 1.57 mg PO4^3--P/mg NO3^--N. Therefore, it could be concluded that increasing MLSS of the DEPHANOX system might shorten the reaction time of phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake. However, excessive MLSS might reduce the specific denitrifying rate. Meanwhile, a rapid pH increase occurred at the beginning of the anoxic conditions as a result of denitrification and anoxic phosphate uptake. Anaerobic P release rate increased with an increase in pH. Moreover, when pH exceeded a relatively high value of 8.0, the dissolved P concentration decreased in the liquid phase, because of chemical precipitation. This observation suggested that pH should be strictly controlled below 8.0 to avoid chemical precipitation if the biological denitrifying phosphorus removal capability is to be studied accurately.     

碳氮比对UniFed SBR工艺性能的影响

采用UniFed SBR工艺试验装置处理实际生活污水,考察了7组不同的进水碳氮比(2.75、4.28、5.7、6.5、6.97、8.08、11.19)对总氮、磷和COD去除以及污泥沉降性能的影响.结果表明,当C/N低于5.7时, TN去除率随C/N的升高而快速大幅度提高,从2.75时的43.6%升至5.7时的80.84%,之后继续提高C/N,由于不能进一步提高进水/排水阶段的脱氮率,只能提高曝气阶段由于同步硝化反硝化产生的脱氮率,所以TN去除率的提高变得缓慢.随着进水C/N的增加,聚磷菌可从进水中获得更多的有机碳源,进行PHB的合成和PO3-4的释放,同时避免了NO-x;对释磷产生的抑制作用,因而磷的去除率随C/N的增加而提高,且C/N越高, PAOs的释磷量和吸磷量越多,好氧吸磷速率越快,除磷效果越好.进水C/N的变化对COD的去除没有显著影响,平均去除率为93.15%.当C/N大于6.97、有机负荷高于0.38kg/(kg·d)时,污泥容积指数随C/N的增加而大幅度提高,产生由于低溶解氧和高负荷带来的非丝状菌污泥膨胀.     

负载型纳米铁吸附剂去除饮用水中As(Ⅴ)的研究

以活性炭为载体制备了一种负载型纳米铁吸附剂.纳米铁在活性炭孔内为针状,其直径为30～500 nm,长度为1 000～3 000 nm,载入量[m(Fe)/m(炭)]为82.1 mg/g.用1.5 g/L该吸附剂对pH 6.5、 (25±2)℃、 2 mg/L的As(Ⅴ)进行吸附其去除率为99.5%,在平衡浓度1.0 mg/L时,该吸附剂对As(Ⅴ)的吸附容量为15.4 mg/g;吸附速度较快,12 h可达91.4%,72 h达到吸附平衡.吸附过程可由孔内扩散模型较好地说明.除PO_4~(3-)、SiO_4~(2-)外其它常见阴阳离子均对As(Ⅴ)的去除影响不大.吸附剂可以用0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液再生,再生效率较高.实验室初步实验数据表明,该吸附剂对饮用水砷去除具有较好的应用前景.     

城市污水SBR法短程生物脱氮的中试研究

采用处理量为60m³/d的SBR大型中试系统对实际城市污水的短程脱氮效果和稳定性进行研究.通过对传统时间控制模式和在线实时控制模式的对比分析可知,应用实时在线控制的分段进水交替缺氧/好氧运行模式,在达到相同深度脱氮效果的前提下,相对于传统运行方式的反应时间显著缩短,投加的外碳源量也缩减了25%.系统在保证平均总氮去除率98.2%的基础上,获得了较好的短程硝化效果,各好氧反应段的亚硝化率均在95%以上.精准的在线实时过程控制与交替缺氧/好氧的运行方式是短程生物脱氮实现及稳定的主要因素.     

膜污染成因及控制对策研究新进展

膜生物反应器是污水处理领域里一项新型、高效处理工艺,近几年在工程中得到了广泛应用。但膜污染的防治和膜的使用寿命却成为限制膜生物反应器广泛应用的关键因素,文章系统论述了膜生物反应器在处理污水过程中膜污染的成因、影响因素及防治措施,总结了近年来关于膜污染的研究进展。     

沉积物中氧化物结合态镉对芦苇的生物有效性研究：氧化物种类、结合形式、老化的影响

沉积物中重金属的生物有效性在很大程度上取决于其赋存形态.选用沉积物中2种典型氢氧化物矿物:氢氧化铁和氢氧化铝,以水培法和矿物结合态Cd为培养介质,以芦苇为受试植物,研究环境中吸附和共沉淀态Cd生物有效性差别,并探究老化过程对生物有效性的影响.经过13 d的培养,发现2种结合形式的Cd均可被芦苇富集,不同处理体系中富集强度不同,根中富集量为9.1~37.8 mg.kg-1;地上部分富集量为0~10.0 mg.kg-1.其中,结合在Fe0.5Al0.5(OH)3矿物上的Cd的生物有效性最大,其次是Fe(OH)3和老化的Fe0.5Al0.5(OH)3,富集量最少的是老化的Fe(OH)3的处理.采用2种低分子量有机酸对Cd进行解吸实验,Cd的解吸规律与芦苇对Cd的富集规律一致.因此,共沉淀处理降低了Cd的富集,矿物的理化性质决定了含铝矿物对Cd的结合较差,老化作用抑制了吸附态Cd的富集,有机酸解吸实验也验证了不同形态Cd生物有效性的差异.     

SDS对两性修饰膨润土吸附Cd2+的影响

采用十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)复配修饰十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)修饰的两性修饰膨润土,以批处理法研究了不同修饰比例、温度、pH和离子强度下,SDS对两性修饰膨润土吸附Cd2+的影响,并从吸附等温线、温度效应和热力学角度探讨了吸附机制.结果表明,SDS复配修饰显著增强了两性修饰膨润土对Cd2+的吸附能力,修饰土对Cd2+的吸附量呈现BS+150SDS(BS-12+150%SDS)>BS+100SDS(BS-12+100%SDS)>BS+50SDS(BS-12+50%SDS)>BS+25SDS(BS-12+25%SDS)>BS(BS-12)>CK(原土)的顺序.修饰土对Cd2+的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型.SDS复配修饰后,温度效应由CK和BS两性修饰土的增温正效应逐渐向BS+150SDS两性复配修饰土的增温负效应转变.pH对修饰土吸附Cd2+影响不大.离子强度增加,修饰土对Cd2+的吸附能力下降,但SDS修饰比例增加可以减弱离子强度对修饰土吸附Cd2+的影响.热力学参数结果表明,修饰土对Cd2+吸附是熵增控制的自发性过程,当SDS复配修饰比例<100%CEC时,修饰土对Cd2+吸附为焓增、熵增过程;当SDS复配修饰比例≥100%CEC时,修饰土对Cd2+吸附为焓减、熵增过程.     

碳源类型对低温条件下生物反硝化的影响

为了研究低温环境下反硝化细菌对各种碳源的直接反应,利用Carrousel氧化沟系统的活性污泥,以甲醇、乙醇、乙酸钠、丙酸钠、葡萄糖、生活污水及内源物质为碳源,在15.4℃±0.8℃低温状态下开展序批式缺氧反硝化试验.结果表明,乙酸钠为碳源时的最大比反硝化速率(maximum specific denitrification rate, MSDR)最高,达6.51 mg/(g·h),但是其反硝化效率(denitrification yield, DY)最低,只有0.48,而且存在亚硝酸盐积累现象.甲醇为碳源时的MSDR相比其他几种单一碳源要低,只有0.91 mg/(g·h),反硝化细菌对甲醇碳源需要一定时间的适应．当不投加任何外碳源时,反硝化细菌能利用自身体内的原生物质进行内源反硝化,其反硝化速率最低.而以经过厌氧发酵的生活污水作为碳源,其MSDR为３.６３　mg/(g·h),达到挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids, VFAs)作碳源时的水平.低温(15.4℃±0.8℃)下的MSDR相对20℃以上的要低许多,而通过不同的碳源补偿均能在一定程度上改善脱氮效果.