浅析管道输油中水击的危害及对策

分析了水击产生的原因及危害,介绍了防止水击的有关自动化控制技术.     

三峡库区复杂地形下的降雨时空分布特点分析

根据三峡水库坝区周边10个气象站1992~2002年逐日降雨资料,先用比值法将短期考察资料延长,再通过对比、回归等方法,客观分析降雨量、降雨日数、暴雨量、暴雨日数等指标随时间（年内、年际）和地形（高度、坡向）的变化,其特点如下：三峡坝区冬干、夏雨、秋雨明显,近年降雨增多;与武汉市相比,有降雨日多但降雨量、暴雨日及大暴雨日少的特点;降雨量、降雨日数、暴雨量、暴雨日数等多随高度上升而递增;由于受南北边山地阻挡和峡谷的影响,长江以南降雨大于长江以北;水体抑制库周降雨,且夜间比白天明显,强降雨过程比弱降雨过程明显。三峡地区降雨周边山地多于谷底,蓄水后差异将更明显,使地质灾害容易发生,应引起高度重视。     

芦苇占优势农田溪流暂态存储特征及影响分析

2014年9月~2015年6月,在合肥市二十埠河流域一长约90m的芦苇占优势农田源头溪流渠段,选择NaCl为示踪剂,采用恒速连续投加的方式,开展8次野外示踪实验.在此基础上,利用OTIS模型对考虑和不考虑暂态存储影响的两种情景开展水质模拟,计算示踪剂氯离子(Cl^-)浓度峰值的相对偏差,并以暂态存储指标定量刻画农田溪流的暂态存储潜力.结果表明,不同季节的暂态存储交换系数α稳定在10^-4数量级;不考虑主流区与暂态存储区交换作用的Cl^-浓度峰值相对偏差HI的变化范围为2.60%~12.54%,平均值为5.35%;HI与流量Q呈现显著的对数函数关系,且随Q的增加而逐步减小;HI与比值A_s/A呈明显的线性关系,并随A_s/A的增加而逐步增大;8次示踪实验对应主流区停留时间T_c、暂态存储区水力停留时间T_s差异均较显著,且春季、初夏的暂态存储能力较秋、冬季更强一些;比值A_s/A变化范围为1.036~1.627, F_med²⁰⁰数值介于8.10%~23.03%,两者均表明该芦苇占优势渠段具有较大的暂态存储潜力.     

Tourism effects on the environment and economic sustainability of sub-Saharan Africa

This paper integrates tourism, economic growth, and environmental issues in a multivariate format. Unlike recent research on this topic, a panel data of selected sample nations of sub-Saharan Africa is adopted by using cointegration and panel regression models. The current research discovers both long-run equilibrium and short-run dynamics between economic growth, tourism, energy use, and carbon emissions in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, tourism and energy use show a highly significant direct impact on economic growth. In addition, tourism, energy use, and economic growth yield a highly significant positive effect on carbon emissions. Dissecting the region into oil producers and non-oil producers further suggests that the economic growth of sub-Saharan Africa has been accomplished by strong growth in tourism and energy use. However, there is highly significant evidence that in oil producing countries, CO₂ emissions are directly affected by energy use and economic growth and not by tourism. For non-oil producing countries, tourism and energy use but not economic growth incur a highly significant positive impact on carbon emissions.     

Combined biologic aerated filter and sulfur/ceramisite autotrophic denitrification for advanced wastewater nitrogen removal at low temperatures

An innovative advanced wastewater treatment process combining biologic aerated filter （BAF） and sulfur/ ceramisite-based autotrophic denitrification （SCAD） for reliable removal of nitrogen was proposed in this paper. In SCAD reactor, ceramisite was used as filter and Ca （HCO3）2 was used for supplying alkalinity and carbon source. The BAF-SCAD was used to treat the secondary treatment effluent. The performance of this process was investigated, and the impact of temperature on nitrogen removal was studied. Results showed that the combined system was effective in nitrogen removal even at low temperatures （8℃）. Removal of total nitrogen （TN）, NH4＋ -N, NO3-N reached above 90% at room temperature. Nitrification was affected by the temperature and nitrification at low temperature （8℃） was a limiting factor for TN removal. However, denitrification was not impacted by the temperature and the removal of NO3 -N maintained 98% during the experimental period. The reason of effective denitrification at low temperature might be the use of easily dissolved Ca（HCO3）2 and high-flux ceramisite, which solved the problem of low mass transfer efficiency at low temperatures. Besides, vast surface area of sulfur with diameter of 2-6 mm enhanced the rate of microbial utilization. The removal of nitrate companied with the production of SO42-, and the average concentration of SO27 was about 240mg.L^-1. These findings would be beneficial for the application of this process to nitrogen removal especially in the winter and cold regions.     

强腐蚀地区高性能抗腐蚀混凝土自拌质量控制

针对强腐蚀土壤地区钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性问题,对施工中的各个质量环节进行分析,提出质量控制措施。通过加强填料顺序控制、混凝土搅拌时间控制、温度控制、运输时间控制及浇筑等全过程质量控制,确保自拌高性能抗腐蚀混凝土制备各项质量指标可控、在控。应用结果表明:自拌高性能抗腐蚀混凝土的质量控制,为强腐蚀地区电力工程施工质量提供了可靠保证。     

反机场跑道润滑技术研究

反机场跑道润滑是一种新概念非致命性武器技术.本文以硬脂酸、甲基硅油及其他添加剂在常压下合成了一种新型硅油脂,并将其与几种常用润滑剂进行润滑摩擦系数的实验对比.通过摩擦学实验得到了0～72 h内其摩擦系数的变化曲线,并从分子结构角度对实验结果进行理论分析.结果表明,在对混凝土-橡胶轮胎摩擦副的润滑中,自制硅油脂可以使其摩擦系数保持在制动困难状态(μ≤0.35),并且可以维持较长时间(t≥72 h).综合各因素,它在机场跑道润滑过程中具有明显的优势,具有军事应用前景.     

沅江干流水质变化时空规律及五强溪水库库区总磷预测

对五强溪水库上游沅水干流近年水体水质情况进行分析,个别污染物的影响导致沅江干流水质逐渐恶化,且沅江干流的主要污染物由粪大肠菌群变为总磷.采用灰色模型GM(1,1)及一元线性回归模型对沅江干流中五强溪库区的总磷浓度变化进行拟合,灰色模型的精度远高于一元线性回归模型.采用灰色模型建立五强溪库区总磷浓度变化的预测模型表明,五强溪库区的总磷污染形势十分严峻.     

2-CSTRs两相厌氧消化系统在不同乙醇回收率下的联合产能

以2-CSTRs(连续流搅拌釜式反应器)两相厌氧消化系统的能量转化率为主要研究对象,以氢气、乙醇及甲烷为目标产物,在不同有机负荷下,通过控制反应参数使产氢相反应器内部环境呈现乙醇型发酵状态,并将产氢相出水经回收乙醇后作为产甲烷相反应基质,研究在不同乙醇回收率下2-CSTRs两相厌氧消化系统产能效率.结果表明:当乙醇回收率在0~50%范围内时,系统产能率、能量转化率及基质降解率随乙醇回收率的增加而增加.当乙醇回收率控制在50%时系统可获得最佳运行结果,与未回收乙醇时相比,系统的日产能率平均高约32.63%,能量转化率平均高约17.53%,基质降解率平均高约12.85%.     

铁锰双金属氧化物对过硫酸氢钾降解酸性橙7的催化效果

为了发挥均相体系中过渡金属元素对PMS(过硫酸氢钾)的催化效果,同时解决存在的金属离子污染的问题,以AO7(酸性橙7)为目标污染物,研究了采用溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel method)制备Fe-MnO_x(铁锰双金属氧化物)催化剂催化PMS的效果及降解机理. 结果表明:ρ(Fe-MnO_x)由50 mg/L升至200 mg/L后,35 min时AO7降解率由53.74%升至96.65%;继续升高ρ(Fe-MnO_x),AO7降解率提升效果不明显. 随着ρ(PMS)₀(PMS初始质量浓度)的升高,AO7的降解率变化趋势与之相同;而随着ρ(AO7)₀(AO7初始质量浓度)的升高,AO7降解率有所下降. 分别投加EA(乙醇)、TBA(叔丁醇)这2种捕获剂来验证体系氧化物种时发现,55 min时AO7降解率分别为79.40%和91.33%,氧化体系的主要氧化物种为·SO₄-(硫酸根自由基)和少量·OH(羟基自由基). XRD(X射线衍射)和XPS(X射线光电子能谱)结果显示,Fe-MnO_x催化剂中的Fe、Mn主要以Fe3+、Mn2+、Mn4+ 3种形式存在,Fe、Mn、O 3种元素中,Fe3+、Mn2+、Mn4+、O2-和表面羟基氧的摩尔比分别为20.49%、26.46%、5.60%、32.51%和14.91%. 研究显示,Fe-MnO_x催化剂具有金属离子溶出量低、催化性能良好等优良性能,能够有效催化PMS生成自由基,对水中的污染物具有良好的降解效果.