淮南市可吸入颗粒物研究的若干建议

由于可吸入颗粒物严重影响大气环境质量和人体健康,对其研究愈来愈受到重视.我国北京、南京、重庆等城市对可吸入颗粒物均做过系统的研究,而目前在淮南市仍是空白.总结近年来可吸入颗粒物方面的研究成果,对淮南市在此方面的研究提出若干建议,供研究者参考.     

过电流故障铝导线熔痕部位与组织特征关联性研究

为深入研究过电流故障铝导线熔痕部位与组织特征之间的关联关系,本文模拟2.5 mm²BLV铝导线通25～187.5 A电流时的发热、熔断和燃烧过程,研究过电流铝导线发热形变与熔痕形成的内在关联,根据各部位熔痕受热形成过程,分类识别典型组织特征。研究结果表明:随着电流值升高,铝导线先后出现线芯发热、绝缘热解、熔断拉弧、绝缘燃烧、重力折断等现象,发生熔断拉弧的临界电流值位于[71.5,73)A区间内;重力折断痕迹和导线本体组织受线芯发热和绝缘燃烧的共同影响,组织为粗大的块状晶,折断点为锯齿状寸断痕迹;熔断电弧熔痕为高温电弧作用于熔化金属后凝固形成,呈树枝状、纤维状铸态组织,分区分布,孔洞较少,表现为圆珠状、钝头状、尖头型、弯折状、牵拉状等5种典型形貌。通过建立熔痕部位与组织特征的关联,增加故障判断证据维度,为准确识别铝导线发生过电流故障及溯源起火过程提供数据支持。     

江西钨矿周边土壤重金属生态风险评价:不同评价方法的比较

对江西省大余县某钨矿区周边的农田土壤进行调查分析,并采用不同的方法对土壤进行评价,结果表明,土壤As、Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni的含量范围分别为15.33—154.65 mg·kg-1、156.29—346.98 mg·kg-1、47.73—277.72 mg·kg-1、19.06—210.24 mg·kg-1和12.00—35.11 mg·kg-1,一些土壤样点的As、Pb、Zn和Cu含量已超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准.利用地累积指数法对土壤进行评价,结果表明土壤均受到As、Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni不同程度的污染;根据CPI(综合污染指数)评价标准,65.7%的土壤处于污染状态;利用TCLP法对土壤生态风险进行评价,结果显示所有土壤并未受到重金属的污染,以内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤进行综合评价,结果表明该农田土壤重金属生态风险处于安全范围;以潜在生态危害指数法评价,发现Pb、As和Cu达到或超过中等生态风险的样点分别占37.14%、25.72%和2.86%,其他重金属污染风险均属轻微以下.不同评价方法得出的评价结果有差异,人们在评价重金属污染土壤时要根据评价的目的慎重选择合适的评价方法.     

氯氰菊酯降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解特性研究

从农药厂废水排放口附近的污泥中分离到1株能降解氯氰菊酯的细菌LQ-3.根据其形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA(GenBank Accession No.FJ222585)序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为Starkeya sp..LQ-3菌株只能以共代谢方式降解氯氰菊酯,在有酵母粉、蛋白胨、葡萄糖等营养物质存在的条件下,5 d内对20 mg·L-1氯氰菊酯的降解率达到72.1%.LQ-3菌株降解氯氰菊酯的最适温度为30 ℃左右,pH值为7～8.LQ-3菌株还能降解功夫菊酯、甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和溴氰菊酯.酶的定域试验表明,LQ-3菌株降解氯氰菊酯的酶属于胞外酶.     

锌在不同磷源条件下对铜绿微囊藻生长与产毒的影响

针对磷和微量元素对藻类生长的共同作用,研究不同磷源条件下锌对藻细胞生长与产毒的影响。实验选用铜绿微囊藻为藻种,分别以无机磷磷酸氢二钾(K_2HPO_4)、小分子有机磷甘油磷酸钠(NaGly)和大分子有机磷卵磷脂(LEC)为磷源,研究不同锌(Zn~(2+))含量对藻细胞的藻密度、碱性磷酸酶活性(alkaline phosphatase activity,APA)以及胞内藻毒素(MC-LR)的影响。研究发现:以NaGly为磷源时微量元素锌对藻细胞生长的促进效果显著,而以K_2HPO_4或LEC为磷源时,锌含量的变化对藻细胞生长无显著影响。APA不仅与磷源有关而且与锌含量相关,以LEC为磷源时的APA显著高于以K_2HPO_4或NaGly为磷源时的APA,且锌含量越低APA越低,以K_2HPO_4为磷源时锌含量越低APA越高,而锌对以NaGly为磷源时的APA几乎没有影响。磷源与微量元素锌对藻细胞的产毒均产生影响,NaGly有利于藻毒素的产生; LEC不利于藻细胞的产毒,但锌含量越低藻细胞的产毒量越多。综上所述,磷源与微量元素锌共同作用对藻细胞的生长与产毒产生影响,小分子有机磷NaGly与锌的效果显著。     

Effects of an iron-silicon material,a synthetic zeolite and an alkaline clay on vegetable uptake of As and Cd from a polluted agricultural soil and proposed remediation mechanisms

Economic and highly effective methods of in situ remediation of Cd and As polluted farmland in mining areas are urgently needed. Pot experiments with Brassica chinensis L. were carried out to determine the effects of three soil amendments [a novel iron-silicon material (ISM), a synthetic zeolite (SZ) and an alkaline clay (AC)] on vegetable uptake of As and Cd. SEM–EDS and XRD analyses were used to investigate the remediation mechanisms involved. Amendment with ISM significantly reduced the concentrations of As and Cd in edible parts of B. chinensis (by 84–94 % and 38–87 %, respectively), to levels that met food safety regulations and was much lower than those achieved by SZ and AC. ISM also significantly increased fresh biomass by 169–1412 % and 436–731 % in two consecutive growing seasons, while SZ and AC did not significantly affect vegetable growth. Correlation analysis suggested that it was the mitigating effects of ISM on soil acidity and on As and Cd toxicity, rather than nutrient amelioration, that contributed to the improvement in plant growth. SEM–EDS analysis showed that ISM contained far more Ca, Fe and Mn than did SZ or AC, and XRD analysis showed that in the ISM these elements were primarily in the form of silicates, oxides and phosphates that had high capacities for chemisorption of metal(loid)s. After incubation with solutions containing 800 mg L^?1 AsO₄ ^2? or Cd²⁺, ISM bound distinctly higher levels of As (6.18 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) and Cd (7.21 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) compared to SZ and AC. XRD analysis also showed that ISM facilitated the precipitation of Cd²⁺ as silicates, phosphates and hydroxides, and that arsenate combined with Fe, Al, Ca and Mg to form insoluble arsenate compounds. These precipitation mechanisms were much more active in ISM than in SZ or AC. Due to the greater pH elevation caused by the abundant calcium silicate, chemisorption and precipitation mechanisms in ISM treatments could be further enhanced. That heavy metal(loid)s fixation mechanisms of ISM ensure the remediation more irreversible and more resilient to environmental changes. With appropriate application rate and proper nutrients supplement, the readily available and economic ISM is a very promising amendment for safe crop production on multi-metal(loids) polluted soils.     

镧及其配合物对鱼体肝脏中酶活性的影响

以鲫鱼（Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓ ａｕｒａｔｕｓ）为实验对象,研究了镧（Ｌａ）及其配合物（Ｌａ－ＥＤＴＡ）对鱼体肝脏中过氧化氢酶和超氧歧化酶的早期作用过程。结果表明：在实验浓度下Ｌａ＾３＋与Ｌａ－ＥＤＴＡ对鱼肝中过氧化氢酶有激活作用,但最终表现为强烈抑制：而对超氧歧化酶最初显著抑制,最后表现为激活作用。     

土壤中石油污染物微生物修复动力学和机理初探

以正十六烷为代表污染物,研究2种微生物对烷烃的反应动力学方程,以及正十六烷的摄取和运输机理;确定吸附摄取和运输对整个代谢过程的影响.结果表明,降解菌对正十六烷均有一定的运输富集能力;2株菌对正十六烷的运输过程存在很大差别,DQ01对正十六烷的运输呈缓慢趋势,而DQ02对正十六烷的主动运输过程是比较快的.菌体对正十六烷的吸附和运输过程对于正十六烷的降解速度影响较小,限制污染物降解速率和程度的关键可能是降解过程.     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱检测猪粪中残留的四环素类抗生素

本研究建立了超高效液相色谱/四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC/Q-ToF Ms/Ms)测定猪粪中残留土霉素、四环素和金霉素的方法.样品分别经Mc Ⅰ lvaine-Na2EDTA缓冲液和超声提取、SPE固相萃取后,采用超高效液相色谱分离,紫外检测外标法定量,四级杆-飞行时间串联质谱仪正离子模式定性.在0.5mg·kg-1DW-10 mg·kg-1Dw(dry weight)范围内,土霉素、四环素、金霉素的标准曲线R2均大于0.99,相对标准偏差小于3%,样品加标平均回收率在70.0%-113.0%之间;采用该方法,土霉素、四环素和金霉素的检测可在5min内完成,它们的检出限分别为0.1 mg·kg-1,0.1 mg·kg-1和0.2 mg·kg-1.北京地区万头养猪场猪粪样品的检测结果表明,这3种四环素均有不同程度的检出,其中土霉素浓度范围10.5mg·kg-1DW-513.4 mg·kg-1DW,四环素浓度范围12.53-77.10 mg·kg-1Dw,金霉素浓度范围0.0-19.22 mg·kg-1Dw.