确定空气注射技术影响半径的现场试验——以北京某焦化厂为例

以北京某焦化厂地下水污染场地为例,设计和建立了一套由1口注射井、3口地下水监测井和5口土壤气监测井组成的现场试验系统,并进行了现场注气压力与流量测试,地下水压力响应测试,溶解氧测试,氦气示踪测试与土壤气测试,确定了试验区域的最佳注气压力与流量和影响半径.注气压力与流量测试确定了最佳注气压力与流量为0.03MPa, 23.2m3/h.在最佳注气条件下,地下水监测井G3、G5、G8中,水位分别在10,15,15min后上升到最大值0.36,0.11,0.04m,地下水溶解氧浓度分别在60,65,75min后增加到7.35、2.47、0.74mg/L,以上结果表明,G3和G5响应较明显,G8响应不明显.土壤气监测井S2、S4、S5中氦气浓度分别在10,7,6min后达到最大值83%、13%、41%,S6中氦气无检出;S2、S3、S4、S5、S6中O2浓度分别上升到19.9%、19.6%、19.2%、19.0%、16.6%,以上结果表明,S2~S5响应较明显,S6响应不明显.综合分析以上4种测试结果,确定试验区域的影响半径为5m.     

Removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil using tartaric acid

This study reports the feasibility of remediation of a heavy metal （HM） contaminated soil using tartaric acid, an environmentally-friendly extractant. Batch experiments were performed to test the factors influencing remediation of the HM contaminated soil. An empirical model was employed to describe the kinetics of riM dissolution/desorption and to predict equilibrium concentrations of HMs in soil leachate. The changes of HMs in different fractions before and after tartaric acid treatment were also investigated. Tartaric acid solution containing HMs was regenerated by chestnut shells. Results show that utilization of tartaric acid was effective for removal of riMs from the contaminated soil, attaining 50%-60% of Cd, 40%-50% of Pb, 40%-50% of Cu and 20%-30% of Zn in the pH range of 3.5-4.0 within 24 h. Mass transfer coefficients for cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were much higher than those for copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn）. Sequential fractionations of treated and untreated soil samples showed that tartaric acid was effective in removing the exchangeable, carbonate fractions of Cd, Zn and Cu from the contaminated soil. The contents of Pb and Cu in Fe-Mn oxide fraciton were also significantly decreased by tartaric acid treatment. One hundred milliliters of tartaric acid solution containing HMs could be regenerated by 10 g chestnut shells in a batch reactor. Such a remediation procedure indicated that tartaric acid is a promising agent for remediation of HM contaminated soils. However, further research is needed before the method can be practically used for in situ remediation of contaminated sites.     

北京城区冬季道路灰尘粒度特征分析

对2013年1月于北京城区采集的40组道路灰尘样品用激光粒度仪进行粒度测定。结果表明:北京城区冬季道路灰尘频率曲线呈单峰态或双峰态分布,单峰型峰值粒径为112~237μm,双峰型第一峰值粒径为189~286μm,第二峰值粒径为42~57μm。道路灰尘平均粒径为183μm,分选性差,呈极不对称的极正偏宽峰态到窄峰态,属砂土。道路灰尘是局地灰尘和区域灰尘的混合物,且主要为跃移或短时悬浮颗粒物,对大气悬浮颗粒污染物的贡献量不大。研究4种不同道路类型灰尘发现,平均粒径从大到小顺序为快速路支路次干路主干路,分选系数与偏度为快速路主干路次干路支路,峰度无较大区别,细颗粒含量主干路次干路(支路、快速路)。主干路灰尘污染贡献率更高,对大气环境和人体健康的危害潜力不容忽视。     

贵州石漠化空间分布与喀斯特地貌、岩性、降水和人口密度的关系

本次研究从地貌发育的角度揭示了贵州省石漠化景观及其等级的空间分布与下垫面的物质组成和气候(降雨量)的空间变化存在着密切的联系,而与现今人类活动强度(人口密度)的空间分布不存在关联性。具体体现为:(1)贵州溶蚀为主地貌类型区和纯碳酸盐岩分布区基本一致,区内的峰丛(林)地貌主要分布于年降水量≥1200mm的威宁-毕节-贵阳-凯里一线以南的溶蚀为主地貌类型区,随着降水量由北向南逐渐增加,塔状峰丘增多;溶丘,峰丛(林)不发育地貌主要分布于年降水量≤1100mm的威宁-毕节以北的黔西北溶蚀为主地貌类型区和毕节-贵阳-凯里一线以北的溶蚀侵蚀地貌类型区,(2)贵州石漠化程度与喀斯特地貌类型空间分布的耦合关系较好,与人口密度空间分布的耦合关系不好。峰丛(林)地貌发育的威宁-毕节-贵阳-凯里一线以南的溶蚀为主地貌区,黔中地区人口密度为300～400/km2,该区一些县的石漠化,远不如黔西南地区人口密度为200～300/km2或黔南地区人口密度为100～200/km2的严重。历史时期森林植被的全面破坏是贵州喀斯特地区石漠化的主要驱动力,除荔波茂兰喀斯特森林保护区等少数地区,贵州喀斯特地区的原始森林无论是现在人口密度高的地区,还是低的地区,历史时期均已遭受全面的破坏。喀斯特坡地次生植被的恢复状况在很大程度上取决于坡地的岩土组成,现代石漠化严重程度的区域差异,主要受下垫面地面物质组成的控制,也就是"石山"的多寡。     

北京市气温与黑碳和PM2.5对疾病死亡影响的交互效应

通过收集北京市2010~2016年逐日呼吸和心脑血管疾病死亡数据、污染物（BC、PM_2.5、SO₂、O₃和NO₂）日均浓度资料以及同期的气象资料,采用广义相加模型（GAMs）中的主效应模型、非参数二元响应模型和温度分层模型探讨了北京市气温、PM_2.5和BC单效应,以及气温与PM_2.5和BC交互作用分别对呼吸和心脑血管疾病死亡人数的影响.单效应分析结果表明,气温与两种疾病死亡人数的累计暴露-反应关系均呈“J”型分布特征,最适温度为24℃;累计滞后一天情况下PM_2.5和BC的健康效应均最显著,此时PM_2.5和BC浓度每升高四分位间距（IQR）,呼吸系统疾病死亡人数超额增加百分比（ER）分别为2.21%和1.80%,心脑血管疾病死亡人数ER分别为2.02%和1.48%.交互作用的研究结果表明,高温与高浓度的PM_2.5（或BC）对疾病死亡的影响存在协同效应,且高温条件下BC对疾病死亡影响的健康风险大于PM_2.5,当气温大于24℃时,BC和PM_2.5浓度每升高IQR对应的呼吸系统疾病死亡人数ER分别为6.22%和6.17%,心脑血管疾病死亡人数ER分别为5.01%和3.97%.虽然BC只占PM_2.5的一部分,但BC对人群健康的影响不容忽视,应该引起足够的重视.     

基于损伤等效的振动疲劳试验载荷转换

目的使用简谐激励替代随机平直谱激励进行振动疲劳试验。方法利用有限元仿真计算某典型铝合金试验件在简谐激励和随机平直谱激励下的疲劳寿命,分析2种工况下试验件寿命相等时激励的等效关系。进行一组定频激励试验和一组谱激励试验,对比试验结果,验证在某典型铝合金试验件上利用简谐激励替代随机平直谱激励进行振动疲劳试验的可行性。结果通过试验与仿真技术,对2024-T4铝合金试验件在一定频率非共振简谐激励和随机平直谱激励作用下的振动疲劳寿命规律进行研究,得出了不同激励作用下试验件寿命相同时载荷的等效关系。结论基于损伤等效,工程中可以使用简谐激励代替随机平直谱激励进行振动疲劳试验,从而解决了一类振动疲劳试验加载困难的问题,实现振动疲劳的试验加速。     

香烟烟雾水溶物对小鼠卵母细胞体外减数分裂的影响

采用小鼠卵母细胞体外培养的方法研究了香烟烟雾水溶物对小鼠卵母细胞减数分裂的影响,以检查吸烟对生殖过程的影响。香烟烟雾水溶物可抑制卵母细胞排出第一极体,而不影响生发泡破裂。香烟烟雾水溶物抑制极体排出是由于破坏了细胞内的微丝或微管,使有丝分裂器不能向细胞边缘移动,并抑制了胞质分裂,形成两倍体的卵子。结果表明,吸烟对卵母细胞的减数分裂成熟有破坏作用。     

一株对氯苯胺降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从某化工厂污水处理车间好氧池活性污泥中分离到一株降解对氯苯胺的细菌PCA039菌株 ,该菌株能够以对氯苯胺为唯一碳源、氮源生长 .经过对其形态特征、生理生化、以及 16SrDNA序列分析 ,该菌株初步鉴定为Diaphorobacter sp..进一步研究表明 ,该菌株的生长过程中 ,氯离子释放同步于对氯苯胺降解 ,并且氯离子的释放量与对氯苯胺的降解量相当 .其利用对氯苯胺生长的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.5,3d时间内的最适降解浓度为300mg/L(2.35mmol/L) .测定了降解途径中相关酶的活性 ,表明对氯苯胺经过苯胺双加氧酶初始氧化和羟基化后 ,芳环的裂解是由邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶催化.     

Uptake and accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soils by Ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.)

Phytoremediation has long been recognized as a cost-effective method for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from soil. A study was conducted to investigate the uptake and accumulation of PAHs in root and shoot of Lolium perenne L. Pot experiments were conducted with series of concentrations of 3.31-378.37 mg/kg for phenanthrene and those of 4.22-365.38 mg/kg for pyrene in a greenhouse. The results showed that both ryegrass roots and shoots did take up PAHs from spiked soils, and generally increased with increasing concentrations of PAH in soil. Bioconcentration factors（BCFs） of phenanthrene by shoots and roots were 0.24- 4.25 and 0.17-2.12 for the same treatment. BCFs of pyrene by shoots were 0.20-1.5, except for 4.06 in 4.32 mg/kg treatment, much lower than BCFs of pyrene by roots （0.58-2.28）. BCFs of phenanthrene and pyrene tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. Direct uptake and accumulation of these compounds by Lolium perenne L. was very low compared with the other loss pathways, which meant that plant-promoted microbial biodegradation might be the main contribution to plant-enhanced removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. However, the presence of Lolium perenne L. significantly enhanced the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soil. At the end of 60 d experiment, the extractable concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene were lower in planted soil than in non-planted soil, about 83.24%-91.98% of phenanthrene and 68.53%-84.10% of pyrene were removed from soils, respectively. The results indicated that the removal of PAHs in contaminated soils was a feasible approach by using Lolium perenne L.