车载激光雷达对北京地区边界层污染监测研究

介绍了自行研制的车载差分激光雷达AML-2探测原理及技术参数,于2006-08、2006-09在不同天气因素条件下对北京西南郊榆垡地区大气边界层污染物O3、NO2、SO2进行了实时监测,对比分析了3种污染物浓度垂直分布及日变化特征.结果表明,无外来污染输送时,3种污染物在阴雨天气总体浓度较小,O3和NO2浓度随高度升高而减小,SO2浓度垂直分布少见此特征,但在近地面0.6 km左右有较强SO2污染层.南部气流输送对北京地区大气环境影响明显,2006-08-23～2006-08-25这次强污染气流输送高度约1～1.5 km,3种污染物浓度垂直分布及日变化特征受到干扰,北京榆垡地区边界层O3、NO2、SO2总体浓度明显上升.     

超细煤粉在氧化条件下NOx的释放特性实验研究

采用DTG(热重/差热分析仪)和GC-MS(气相色谱质谱联用仪)对鹤岗煤超细化煤粉进行燃烧试验,分析了粒径、氧气浓度、升温速率对NOx释放的影响.结果表明,不同粒径的鹤岗煤在氧气浓度为20%的燃烧条件下,NOx的析出均为单峰曲线;粒径对煤粉燃烧NOx释放有重要影响,超细化煤粉可以减少NOx的排放;在5.10、20℃/min升温条件下,随升温速率的增大NO和NO2的析出量也增加,并且NO的最大析出速率对应的温度随着升温速率的提高也提高;随着燃烧气氛氧气浓度的增高,NOx的析出量相应增加,并且NOx的最大析出速率对应温度相应降低.     

膜-生物反应器在我国的研究与应用新进展

膜-生物反应器(MBR)作为一种污水处理新技术,其研究和应用在我国受到了广泛关注.主要以1995-2006年发表在国内中文期刊上的关于MBR研究与应用的700多篇文献为基础,分析了与MBR构型、应用领域和研究机构等相关的文献数量分布,综述了在MBR新工艺、膜污染及其控制技术和污水处理类别等方面的研究进展,总结了MBR在污水再生利用中的应用概况,指出了未来MBR技术研究的挑战和工业应用的发展方向.     

水电开发对河流生态系统服务功能的影响——以澜沧江漫湾水电工程为例

人类的经济活动对河流生态系统施加的干扰越来越多,其中既有正面影响,也有负面影响.在剖析河流生态系统服务功能内涵特征的基础上,探讨了水电开发对河流生态系统服务功能影响的机理及途径,建立了评价指标体系和评估方法.并以澜沧江漫湾水电站为对象进行了案例研究.结果表明,漫湾水电工程建设对河流生态系统服务功能正面影响的价值增量为11.30×108元·a-1,负面影响的价值损失为3.27×108元·a-1.正面影响以水力发电产生的经济效益为主,负面影响以河流输沙和维持生物多样性服务功能减弱的价值损失为主.漫湾水电开发生态环境效益与生态环境成本的比值为1:5.56,生态环境影响的净现值为一26853.50×lO'元·a-1.鉴于水电开发经济效益获取所付出的巨大环境代价,提出了水电开发与河流生态系统服务功能可持续调控模型,以期为实现绿色水电开发提供参考.     

基于16S rDNA不同靶序列对厌氧ABR反应器微生物多样性分析的影响

在反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原菌的研究中,探讨了不同引物扩增16S rDNA靶序列对厌氧ABR反应器的活性污泥DGGE图谱多样性的影响,从反应器中提取污泥总DNA,以4对通用引物341F/534R、968F/1401R、63F/534R、341F/926R扩增16S rDNA序列,对指纹图谱的分辨率和种群多样性进行分析.研究表明,采用PBS洗涤污泥和超声振荡有利于硫酸盐还原污泥总DNA提取;不同引物DGGE图谱分析,群落多样性存在显著的差异,341F/534R和968F/1401R的靶序列分离效果较好,341F/926R分离效果一般,63F/534R分离的效果最差.341F/534R的DGGE图谱中条带丰富,多样性最好,968F/1401R的DGGE图谱次之,341F/926R的DGGE图谱条带一般,63F/534R图谱条带最少,多样性也较差.建议DGGE分析厌氧活性污泥样品时,同时采用引物341F/534R和968F/1401R是比较适宜的.     

氯化对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物结构的影响

以哈尔滨市W污水处理厂污水为研究对象,利用XAD树脂对二级处理出水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级分离.按照DOM在不同树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).考察了二级处理出水中有机组分的组成分布、三卤甲烷生成势、紫外光谱和红外光谱.结果表明,二级处理出水中的主要成分是HPO-A和HPI,两者含量之和达70.8%.HPO-A是加氯消毒时产生三卤甲烷的主要有机组分,其三卤甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)为232.9μg/mg.而HPO-N、TPI-A、TPI-N和HPI的STHMFP介于100～125μg/mg之间.氯化反应后,HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A和HPI的紫外-可见吸光度均降低,而TPI-N则相反.并且HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A和TPI-N中的O-H、C=C和苯环的含量降低,而C-O的含量升高,还生成了C=O和C-Cl.     

Au/γ-Al2O3催化剂的制备及其对气相三苯系污染物的催化消除

采用沉积一沉淀法制备了负载型Au/γ-Al2O3,催化剂,对模拟污染气体的三苯系(苯,甲苯,二甲苯)蒸气进行催化消除反应,探讨了金含量、活化条件对催化剂活性的影响.结果表明,负载型Au/γ-Al2O3催化剂用量为0.50g、反应气流速为20 mL·min-1时,295℃下可完全催化消除浓度为7.57 g·m-3的苯;在252℃下可完全催化消除浓度为7.49 g·m-3的甲苯;在235 ℃下能完全催化消除浓度为3.07 g·m-3的二甲苯.苯、甲苯和二甲苯最后都完全矿化为CO2和H2O,没有生成新的有机物.对催化反应进行了动力学研究,上述催化反应都是准一级反应.测定得到苯、甲苯和二甲苯催化反应的总包反应表观活化能分别为118.47 kj·mol-1、101.43 kJ·mol-1和85.18 kJ·mol-1.     

Enhanced electrochemical oxidation of phenol by introducing ferric ions and UV radiation

The mineralization of phenol in aerated electrochemical oxidation has been investigated.The results show that a cathodic Fenton process can occur when the Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni alloy material is used as cathode in solution containing ferric or ferrous ions; moreover,the reinforcement of cathodic Fenton process on the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate of phenol is quite distinct.Among the metallic ions investigated,the ferric ion is the best catalyst for the electrochemical mineralization of phenol at initial...     

Damage to DNA of effective microorganisms by heavy metals: Impact on wastewater treatment

The research is to test the damage to DNA of effective microorganisms(EMs)by heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+, Pb2+,and Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM bacteria on wastewater treatment capability when their DNA is damaged.The approach applied in this study is to test with COMET assay the damage of EM DNA in wastewater with different concentrations of heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM treated with As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,and Zn2+ on COD degradin...     

Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China

The concentrations of eight heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As） in the intertidal surface sediments from Quanzhou Bay were determined to evaluate their levels and spatial distribution due to urbanization and economic development of Quanzhou region, southeast China. The ranges of the measured concentrations in the sediments are as follows： 24.8-119.7 mg/kg for Cu, 105.5-241.9 mg/kg for Zn, 34.3-100. 9 mg/kg for Pb, 0.28-0. 89 mg/kg for Cd, 51.1-121.7 mg/kg for Cr, 16.1-45.7 mg/kg for Ni, 0.17-0.74 mg/kg for Hg, and 17.7-30.2 mg/kg for As. The overall average concentrations of above metals exceed the primary standard criteria but meet the secondary standard criteria of the Chinese National Standard of Marine Sediment Quality. Several contents of Cu and Hg exceed the secondary standard criteria at some stations. The results of geoaccumulation index （Igeo） show that Cd causes strong pollution in most of the study area. There are no significant correlations among most of these heavy metals, indicating they have different anthropogenic and natural sources. Some locations present severe pollution by heavy metals depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets, aquatic breeding, and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area.