Irrigation Water Allocation Using an Inexact Two‐Stage Quadratic Programming with Fuzzy Input under Climate Change

Agricultural irrigation accounts for nearly 70% of the total water use around the world. Uncertainties and climate change together exacerbate the complexity of optimal allocation of water resources for irrigation. An interval‐fuzzy two‐stage stochastic quadratic programming model is developed for determining the plans for water allocation for irrigation with maximum benefits. The model is shown to be applicable when inputs are expressed as discrete, fuzzy or random. In order to reflect the effect of marginal utility on benefit and cost, the model can also deal with nonlinearities in the objective function. Results from applying the model to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, China, show schemes for water allocation for irrigation of different crops in every month of the crop growth period under various flow levels are effective for achieving high economic benefits. Different climate change scenarios are used to analyze the impact of changing water requirement and water availability on irrigation water allocation. The proposed model can aid the decision maker in formulating desired irrigation water management policies in the wake of uncertainties and changing environment.     

Origin and distribution of trace elements in high-elevation precipitation in southern China

Introduction

During a 2009 investigation of the transport and deposition of trace elements in southern China, 37 event-based precipitation samples were collected at an observatory on Mount Heng, China (1,269?m asl).

Methods

Concentrations of trace elements were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma?Cmass spectrometry and the wet deposition fluxes were established. A combination of techniques including enrichment factor analysis, principal component analysis, and back trajectory models were used to identify pollutant sources.

Results

Trace element concentrations at Mount Heng were among the highest with respect to measured values reported elsewhere. All elements were of non-marine origin. The elements Pb, As, Cu, Se, and Cd were anthropogenic, while Fe, Cr, V, Ba, Mn, and Ni were of mixed crustal/anthropogenic origin. The crustal and anthropogenic contributions of trace elements were 12.8 % (0.9?~?17.4 %) and 87.2 % (82.6?~?99.1 %), with the maximum crustal fraction being 17.4 % for Fe. Coal combustion, soil and road dust, metallurgical processes, and industrial activities contributed to the element composition.

Conclusions

Summit precipitation events were primarily distant in origin. Medium- to long-range transport of trace elements from the Yangtze River Delta and northern China played an important role in wet deposition at Mount Heng, while air masses from south or southeast of the station were generally low in trace element concentrations.     

碱激发胶凝材料及其固化Pb^2＋的试验研究

对碱激胶凝材料（碱-偏高岭土、碱-矿渣和碱-粉煤灰）与水-水泥体系固化Ph^2＋进行了试验研究,其中水-水泥体系为对比样。结果表明：对于相同稠度的碱激发胶凝材料,即使Pb^2＋含量达到2．4％,除了碱-粉煤灰的抗压强度略低外,其他都达到30MPa以上,满足填埋或做建筑基材的使用要求;与水泥相比,碱激发胶凝材料能显著降低重金属离子（Ph^2＋）浸出浓度,其规律性与其NH4交换容量大小的规律性一致,与其固化体的抗压强度的大小没有相关性。     

改性矿物吸附剂抗菌作用

通过对蒙脱石、沸石和蛭石进行改性处理,研究了三者对大肠杆菌（E．coB）和猪链球菌（S．suis）的抗菌作用。结果发现,经过改性处理后三者对细菌的抗菌能力上升,其中以双十八烷基二甲基溴化铵改性蒙脱石（DODMAB．MMT）的抗菌效果最好,对E．coli和S．suis的抗菌率达到95％以上。研究了DODMAB—MMT在体外对E．coli和S．suis的抗菌规律,以及对土壤中微生物的影响。结果表明,同等菌液浓度条件下,DODMAB—MMT对S．suis的抗菌效果好于E．coli。介质温度、pH值和有机物浓度都会对DODMAB—MMT的抗菌效果产生影响,在一定范围内,介质温度越高、pH值偏离中性、有机物含量越低时,抗菌效果越好。低浓度DODMAB—MMT（〈25rtlg／g土壤）对土壤中E．coli和S．suis基本无抗菌作用,高浓度DODMAB—MMT对土壤中的E．coli和S．suis具有抗菌作用。     

3种湿地填料对水体中氮磷的吸附特性研究

针对污染水体中氮磷超标问题,以海绵铁、沸石、砾石为填料,采用等温吸附、吸附动力学模型的方法开展3种湿地填料对氮磷吸附特性研究.结果表明:(1)填料对氮和磷的吸附均能用Langmuir和Freundlich方程描述.理论上对磷的吸附量依次为海绵铁＞沸石＞砾石;对氮依次为沸石＞海绵铁＞砾石.(2)双常数、一级动力学和Elovich方程动力学模型能够较好地描述填料对氮磷的等温吸附动力学特征,其中Elovich方程对3种填料的磷的吸附动力学特征描述更准确;一级动力学方程对沸石的氮的吸附动力学特征描述最精准.(3)填料对氮磷的吸附过程呈现先快后慢的整体趋势.从对氮磷的吸附量、吸附速率看,海绵铁和沸石能够作为人工湿地的填料对污水进行处理,并且经济方面较便宜,取用方便.     

沸石吸附及其固定化微生物间歇式活性污泥法同时硝化反硝化脱氮的研究

以2种粒径(＜0.25 mm和0.2～1.0 mm)的天然沸石为实验材料,进行沸石吸附NH4+实验以及吸附饱和后固定化微生物间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)同时硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮实验.结果表明,实验沸石对NH4+的吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型,小粒径天然沸石吸附NH4+效率较高.将小粒径天然沸石投加到SBR反应器中,与平行实验的SBR反应器相比发现,天然沸石在再生的同时能够增强SBR反应器的脱氮效率.     

碱激发胶凝材料及其固化Pb~(2+)的试验研究

对碱激胶凝材料(碱-偏高岭土、碱-矿渣和碱-粉煤灰)与水-水泥体系固化Pb2+进行了试验研究,其中水-水泥体系为对比样.结果表明:对于相同稠度的碱激发胶凝材料,即使Pb2+含量达到2.4%,除了碱-粉煤灰的抗压强度略低外,其他都达到30 MPa以上,满足填埋或做建筑基材的使用要求;与水泥相比,碱激发胶凝材料能显著降低重金属离子(Pb2+)浸出浓度,其规律性与其NH4+交换容量大小的规律性一致,与其固化体的抗压强度的大小没有相关性.     

Food chain transfer of cadmium and lead to cattle in a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China

Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) are environmental pollutants. Environmental samples and bovine tissues were collected from the areas around a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China for Cd, Pb, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) analysis. Cd in soil (10 mg/kg) and feed (6.6 mg/kg) from the polluted areas was 10 times higher than the Chinese Standards, resulting in higher Cd in bovine kidney (38 mg/kg) and liver (2.5 mg/kg). Pb in feed (132 mg/kg) from the polluted area was much higher than unpolluted areas, causing higher Pb levels in bovine tissues. Environmental Zn was elevated, but bovine tissue Zn was normal. Cu in bovine liver decreased with increased Cd and Pb. Metals in drinking water and in bovine muscle were within the Standard range. Thus, in the areas of this lead–zinc smelter, the environment has been contaminated with Cd and Pb, which has been transferred to cattle through the food chain.     

Influence of Suwannee River humic acid on particle properties and toxicity of silver nanoparticles

Adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) on nanoparticles can have dramatic impacts on particle dispersion resulting in altered fate and transport as well as bioavailability and toxicity. In this study, the adsorption of Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) on silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) was determined and showed a Langmuir adsorption at pH 7 with an adsorption maximum of 28.6 mg g⁻¹ nano-Ag. It was also revealed that addition of <10 mg L⁻¹ total organic carbon (TOC) increased the total Ag content suspended in the aquatic system, likely due to increased dispersion. Total silver content decreased with concentrations of NOM greater than 10 mg TOC L⁻¹ indicating an increase in nanoparticle agglomeration and settling above this concentration. However, SRHA did not have any significant effect on the equilibrium concentration of ionic Ag dissolved in solution. Exposure of Daphnia to nano-Ag particles (50 μg L⁻¹ and pH 7) produced a linear decrease in toxicity with increasing NOM. These results clearly indicate the importance of water chemistry on the fate and toxicity of nanoparticulates.     

Fe-MCM-41催化氧化2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

采用水热法合成了Fe-MCM-41中孔分子筛,紫外、红外及XRD表征显示铁离子已进入中孔分子筛骨架。以H2O2为氧化剂形成类Fenton试剂,实验结果表明,在催化剂加入量为1 g/L、H2O2体积分数为6%、pH为4、反应时间为10h、反应温度为35℃的条件下,处理质量浓度为50 mg/L的2,4-D废水的降解率达94.95%。宏观动力学研究显示,该反应近似为一级反应,反应速率常数、表观活化能分别为0.21667 min-1和26.65 kJ/mol。