酚类、烷基苯类、硝基苯类化合物和环境水样对剑尾鱼和稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性

测定了酚类、烷基苯类和硝基苯类的12种化学品,以及3个环境水样对剑尾鱼和稀有(鱼句)鲫的96 h LC_O,96 h LC₅₀,96 h LC₁₀₀值.结果表明,剑尾鱼和稀有(鱼句)鲫的幼鱼对化学品和环境水样的敏感性无显著性差异,对于化学品和环境水样,剑尾鱼和稀有(鱼句)鲫是较为理想的毒性试验材料.      

南四湖微山湖区沉积物磷形态分布特征

为了解南四湖污染底泥磷形态分布规律,对南四湖微山湖区0～25 cm沉积物分层进行了磷形态连续提取.结果表明,湖区沉积物中Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Oc-P、Ca-P、De-P和Org-P平均含量分别为5.62、 4.08、 12.25、 13.34、 116.67、 232.36和396.79 mg/kg,不同形态磷含量次序为：Al-P＜Ex-P＜Fe-P＜Oc-P＜Ca-P＜De-P＜Org-P.沉积物中各形态磷含量在垂直方向上呈现明显的规律性,易交换态磷（Ex-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（Oc-P）、有机磷（Org-P）含量随深度增加而逐渐降低,而铝结合态磷（Al-P）、钙结合态磷（Ca-P）、碎屑磷（De-P）含量则呈逐渐增加趋势.Sum1（Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P之和）与上覆水PO^3-₄浓度呈显著正相关,其中Fe-P与水体磷酸盐含量关系相对比较密切,其相关系数高达0.72.沉积物磷形态在空间分布上,Oc-P、Ca-P、De-P 等惰性磷的差异性小于Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P等潜在活性磷,Org-P介于二者之间.     

TA15钛合金与铝合金和结构钢接触腐蚀大气暴露试验研究

讨论了TA15钛合金与铝合金和结构钢接触后,在海南万宁大气试验站大气暴露的试验结果。3年的大气暴露试验显示,在海洋性大气环境下,2B06铝合金、16CrSiN i钢和30CrMnSiA钢无论与TA15钛合金接触与否,腐蚀都很严重,力学性能明显下降;对2B06铝合金进行阳极氧化,对16CrSiN i钢和30CrMnSiA钢进行氯化铵镀镉,可在一定程度上减缓腐蚀,但经过一定时间大气暴露,无论与TA15钛合金接触与否,都产生了严重腐蚀,力学性能明显下降;对2B06铝合金进行阳极氧化,对16CrSiN i钢和30CrMnSiA钢进行氯化铵镀镉,再喷涂1号航空底漆进行防护,可有效防止接触腐蚀。     

MgO催化臭氧氧化降解苯酚机理研究

对氧化镁(MgO)催化臭氧氧化降解苯酚的机理进行了探讨,并验证其与现有的3种催化臭氧氧化机理的吻合性.同时,研究了羟基自由基(·OH)抑制剂对苯酚去除效果的影响,·OH的产生量,以及臭氧在该体系中的存在位置及苯酚在该体系中的作用.结果表明,O_3和MgO/O_3两种反应体系中都存在·OH,MgO/O_3体系中的·OH是O_3体系中的2.14倍.O_3和MgO/O_3体系中的·OH与臭氧浓度的比值分别为1.47×10~(-9)和3.15×10~(-9).苯酚在MgO催化臭氧氧化体系中起到了促进臭氧吸附在MgO表面的作用,臭氧吸附到MgO表面后,分解产生·OH,一部分释放在溶液中降解苯酚,一部分则留在其表面增加表面羟基密度.     

Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles and meteorological influence in four locations in Guangzhou, China

Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles (TSP) is an effective parameter that describes the speed of atmospheric particulate matter deposit to the natural surface. It is also an important indicator to the capacity of atmosphere self-depuration. However, the spatial and temporal variations in dry deposition velocity of TSP at different urban landscapes and the relationship between dry deposition velocity and the meteorological parameters are subject to large uncertainties. We concurrently investigated this relationship at four different landscapes of Guangzhou, from October to December of 2009. The result of the average dry deposition velocity is (1.49 ± 0.77), (1.44 ± 0.77), (1.13 ± 0.53) and (1.82 ± 0.82) cm/sec for urban commercial landscape, urban forest landscape, urban residential landscape and country landscape, respectively. This spatial variation can be explained by the difference of both particle size composition of TSP and meteorological parameters of sampling sites. Dry deposition velocity of TSP has a positive correlation with wind speed, and a negative correlation with temperature and relative humidity. Wind speed is the strongest factor that affects the magnitude of TSP dry deposition velocity, and the temperature is another considerable strong meteorological factor.We also find out that the relative humidity brings less impact, especially during the dry season. It is thus implied that the current global warming and urban heat island effect may lead to correlative changes in TSP dry deposition velocity, especially in the urban areas.     

TiO2–PANI/Cork composite: A new floating photocatalyst for the treatment of organic pollutants under sunlight irradiation

A novel photocatalyst based on TiO_2–PANI composite supported on small pieces of cork has been reported. It was prepared by simple impregnation method of the polyaniline(PANI)–modified TiO_2 on cork. The TiO_2–PANI/Cork catalyst shows the unique feature of floating on the water surface. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron micrograph(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra(UV–vis DRS) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) surface area analysis. Characterization suggested the formation of anatase highly dispersed on the cork surface. The prepared floating photocatalyst showed high efficiency for the degradation of methyl orange dye and other organic pollutants under solar irradiation and constrained conditions, i.e., no-stirring and no-oxygenation. The TiO_2–PANI/Cork floating photocatalyst can be reused for at least four consecutive times without significant decrease of the degradation efficiency.     

纳米氧化锌颗粒物通过氧化应激和离子通道失调诱导大鼠气管上皮细胞凋亡的机理

纳米氧化锌具有广泛的工业用途,其生态安全性受到广泛关注,针对纳米氧化锌诱导的呼吸道细胞毒性及其作用机理研究尚不广泛.本研究分别采用不同浓度和粒径(30 nm和90 nm)的氧化锌颗粒物处理大鼠气管上皮细胞(rat tracheal epithelial cells,RTE cells),暴露时间为12 h,通过检测细胞内锌元素含量,细胞增殖抑制率,细胞凋亡率,凋亡相关caspsae 3基因与蛋白相对表达量,细胞内金属硫蛋白活性,ROS和MDA含量、细胞内Ca~(2+)-ATP酶和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性来分析纳米氧化锌诱导细胞毒效应机理.在90 nm纳米氧化锌高浓度暴露时,其细胞内锌元素浓度为0.845μg·L~(-1),约为低浓度暴露组的4.7倍,是30 nm低浓度暴露组的9倍;纳米颗粒物诱导的细胞增殖和凋亡毒效应具有剂量和尺寸依赖效应;30 nm处理组的pro-caspase 3和cleaved-caspase 3蛋白表达量均高于90 nm暴露组;暴露浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)的90 nm处理组的金属硫蛋白增加量为0.533μg·L~(-1),增幅达到46%;不同粒径氧化锌颗粒物处理后,细胞内ROS和MDA含量显著上升,且30 nm处理组结果均高于90 nm处理组;纳米氧化锌颗粒物暴露诱导细胞Ca~(2+)-ATP酶和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性显著下降,30 nm氧化锌颗粒物暴露组,其Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性分别是对照组的1.8倍和3.5倍.纳米氧化锌颗粒物进入RTE细胞,通过干扰锌在细胞内代谢,诱导细胞内ROS和MDA水平升高,产生氧化应激,进而诱导细胞凋亡是导致纳米氧化锌产生细胞毒性的主要原因之一.纳米氧化锌会导致细胞内Ca~(2+)-ATPase和Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性下降,离子通道失调,破坏细胞内离子平衡,进一步造成细胞凋亡.     

花卉废物和牛粪联合堆肥中的氮迁移

以花卉废物和牛粪为原料,进行了温度反馈的通气量控制联合堆肥中的氮迁移中试研究.采用自制的静态好氧床进行一次发酵,过程控制采用温度反馈通气量控制方法,发酵周期20d;采用周期性翻堆进行物料二次腐熟,腐熟周期40d.研究了堆肥过程中总氮、有机氮、无机氮、氨氮、硝氮等氮素形态转化随时间的变化特征及温度反馈的通气量控制对氮迁移的影响.结果表明:堆肥初期的氨化作用和反硝化作用显著,氮素总量损失累计达41.98%,其中主要是有机氮的损失,99.95%的氮损失发生在一次发酵阶段;氮素损失主要是在pH和温度较高条件下的氨气大量挥发造成的.对通风进行有效控制、提高物料C/N及添加酸性物质有望减少N损失.对于C/N较低,硝态氮含量较高的物料堆肥,NH₄⁺-N≤0.04%、NH₄/NO₃≤0.16不能作为腐熟度指标.     

Factors influencing the contents of metals and As in soils around the watershed of Guanting Reservoir, China

Topsoil samples from 61 sites around the Guanting Reservoir,China,were measured for Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As concentrations.The mean concentrations of Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As were 16.8,59.4,37.8,18.3,0.32,20.1 and 8.67 mg/kg dry weight,respectively.Factors that influence the dynamics of these metals in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined.The influence of atmospheric deposition,land use,soil texture,soil type and soil chemical parameters on metal contents in soils was investigated.Atmospheric deposition,land use and soil texture were the important factors affecting heavy metal residues.Soil type and soil chemical parameters were also involved in heavy metal retention in soils.The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation,especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.     

缙云山土地利用方式对土壤轻组及颗粒态有机碳氮的影响

选取缙云山阳坡同一海拔处亚热带常绿阔叶林(以下简称林地)、果园、坡耕地和撂荒地这4种不同土地利用类型,在0~60 cm深度内每隔10 cm采集一个土样,测定土壤轻组有机碳氮(LFOC、LFON)和颗粒态有机碳氮(POC、PON)含量,并计算其分配比例和碳氮比.结果表明,在0~60 cm土壤深度范围内,林地转变为坡耕地后,LFOC及LFON含量分别降低了71.42%和38.46%(P0.05),转变为果园后变化不明显,坡耕地撂荒后其含量分别升高了3.77倍和1.38倍(P0.05);林地转变为坡耕地或果园后,POC及PON含量均无明显变化,而坡耕地撂荒后其含量分别增加了4.12和1.25倍(P0.05).林地转变为坡耕地后土壤LFOC及LFON分配比例显著降低,转变为果园后则明显升高,而POC及PON分配比例变化均不明显;坡耕地撂荒后,LFOC、LFON、POC、PON分配比例均显著增加.土壤SOC/TN为撂荒地(12.93)林地(8.53)果园(7.52)坡耕地(4.40),LFOC/LFON为撂荒地(16.32)林地(14.29)果园(11.32)坡耕地(7.60),POC/PON为撂荒地(23.41)坡耕地(13.85)林地(10.30)果园(9.64).以上研究结果表明林地开垦为果园或坡耕地后容易导致土壤轻组有机碳氮的损失,而坡耕地撂荒则有利于土壤活性有机碳氮的积累;林地转变为坡耕地减弱了土壤有机碳氮的活性,而林地转变为果园以及坡耕地撂荒均使土壤有机碳氮活性增强;林地转变为坡耕地和果园加剧了土壤有机质的矿化,相对而言,坡耕地撂荒后有利于土壤有机质的固定.