有机物料对废碱锰电池的溶解作用研究

采用润湿好气-腐解培养法,研究有机物料对废碱锰电池的溶解作用,分析了培养时间对pH值,N,K,Zn和Mn溶出的影响。结果表明,稻草、鸡粪和鸽子粪处理培养过程中产生腐殖酸对废电池干粉均有溶解作用,其pH值明显降低;所有处理TN,Zn,Mn都呈现先增加后减小的趋势,15 d时溶量最大,以鸽子粪处理溶出较多;TK的溶出较慢,培养到10 d后才有溶出,均呈现逐渐增大的趋势;而TP溶出则规律性不强。     

我国开发太阳能的紧迫性与可行性对策研究

太阳能是一种具有无限性、无偿性、清洁性特征的自然能源,开发太阳能对缓解我国资源短缺、保护生态环境、促进生产力的可持续发展具有重要战略意义.分析了我国开发太阳能的紧迫性和可行性,探讨了我国太阳能开发的制约因素,提出了建设性的对策.     

Pollution characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the southeast coastal cities of China

With the rapid urbanization, the southeast coastal cities of China are facing increasing air pollution in the past decades. Large emissions of VOCs from vehicles and petrochemical factories have contributed greatly to the local air quality deterioration. Investigating the pollution characteristics of VOCs is of great significance to the environmental risk assessment and air quality improvement. Ambient VOC samples were collected simultaneously from nine coastal cities of southeast China using the Tedlar bags, and were subsequently preprocessed and analyzed using a cryogenic preconcentrator and a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry system, respectively. VOC compositions, spatial distributions, seasonal variations and ozone formation potentials (OPFs) were discussed. Results showed that methylene chloride, toluene, isopropyl alcohol and n-hexane were most abundant species, and oxygenated compounds, aromatics and halogenated hydrocarbons were most abundant chemical classes (62.5–95.6 % of TVOCs). Both industrial and vehicular exhausts might contribute greatly to the VOC emissions. The VOC levels in the southeast coastal cities of China were sufficiently high (e.g., 6.5 μg?m^?3 for benzene) to pose a health risk to local people. A more serious pollution state was found in the southern cities of the study region, while higher VOC levels were usually observed in winter. The B/T ratio (0.26?±?0.09) was lower than the typical ratio (ca. 0.6) for roadside samples, while the B/E (1.6–7.6) and T/E (7.2–26.8) ratios were higher than other cities around the world, which indicated a unique emission profile in the study region. Besides, analysis on ozone formation potentials (OFPs) indicated that toluene was the most important species in ozone production with the accountabilities for total OFPs of 22.6 to 59.6 %.     

Parental phenols exposure and spontaneous abortion in Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Widespread use of phenols has led to ubiquitous exposure to phenols. In experimental animals, phenols increased resorptions, reduced live litter size and fetal body weights. However, there are limited epidemiological evidences of the relationships between exposure to phenols and pregnancy outcomes. We evaluated the associations between parental urinary levels of various phenols and spontaneous abortion in a Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A case-control study was conducted that included 70 case couples with medically unexplained spontaneous abortion and 180 control couples who did not have a history of spontaneous abortion and had at least one living child. Both parental urinary phenols were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry including bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,3,4-trichlorophenol (2,3,4-TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 4-n-octylphenol (4-n-OP) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP). Compared with the low exposure group, there was an increased risk of spontaneous abortion with high paternal urinary PCP concentration [odds ratio (OR) = 2.09, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.05–4.14], and maternal exposure to 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) also significantly increased the risk of spontaneous abortion (OR = 2.21, 95% CI, 1.02–4.80; OR = 2.81, 95% CI, 1.39–5.65, respectively). Our study firstly provides the evidence that paternal PCP exposure, maternal 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) exposure are associated with spontaneous abortion in humans.     

基于WTA的湿地周边农户受偿意愿及影响因素研究

为了实现鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的可持续发展,促进公平合理的湿地保护局面的形成,对鄱阳湖湿地周边农户家庭生产生活的基本情况、生态环境的认知、以及基于禁渔期、保护候鸟和封洲禁牧等保护措施的生态补偿意愿进行了深入调查。结果表明：（1）鄱阳湖周边农户的家庭收入与湿地紧密相关,湖区农户具有一定的湿地生态环境认知和生态保护意识;（2）193份有效问卷中愿意接受补偿的比例高达881%,农户户均生态补偿意愿为3399元/(a·户),由此估算出鄱阳湖湿地生态补偿额约为每年582亿元;（3）Tobit回归模型的计量分析结果表明,农户的受偿意愿受年龄、生态效益的认知及生态保护态度的显著影响,研究认为提高农户的生态保护意识、对湖区农户进行合理的生态补偿是解决湿地保护与可持续发展问题的关键。     

Tracing the sources of refractory dissolved organic matter in a large artificial lake using multiple analytical tools

Structural and chemical characteristics of refractory dissolved organic matter (RDOM) from seven different sources (algae, leaf litter, reed, compost, field soil, paddy water, treated sewage) were examined using multiple analytical tools, and they were compared with those of RDOM in a large artificial lake (Lake Paldang, Korea). Treated sewage, paddy water, and field soil were distinguished from the other sources investigated by their relatively low specific UV absorbance (SUVA) values and more pronounced fulvic-like versus humic-like fluorescence of the RDOM samples. Microbial derived RDOM from algae and treated sewage showed relatively low apparent molecular weight and a higher fraction of hydrophilic bases relative to the total hydrophilic fraction. For the biopolymer types, the presence of polyhydroxy aromatics with the high abundance of proteins was observed only for vascular plant-based RDOM (i.e., leaf litter and reed). Molecular weight values exhibited positive correlations with the SUVA and the hydrophobic content among the different RDOM, suggesting that hydrophobic and condensed aromatic structures may be the main components of high molecular weight RDOM. Principal component analysis revealed that approximately 77% of the variance in the RDOM characteristics might be explained by the source difference (i.e., terrestrial and microbial derived) and a tendency of further microbial transformation. Combined results demonstrated that the properties of the lake RDOM were largely affected by the upstream sources of field soil, paddy water, and treated sewage, which are characterized by low molecular weight UV-absorbing and non-aromatic structures with relatively high resistance to further degradation.     

垂直流人工湿地水力学特性研究

通过示踪剂实验从停留时间分布（RTD）曲线及其统计特征值等方面对垂直流人工湿地的水力学特性进行了定性和定量的分析。研究表明水流在垂直流人工湿地中的流动是一种非理想的不均匀流动,存在一定的死区和水流的扩散;垂直流人工湿地较大的死区率与其表面布水的不均匀性有关,这也可能是其死区率大于表流人工湿地的最主要的原因。实验还表明,进水流量对垂直流人工湿地停留时间分布影响较大,随着进水流量的增加,平均停留时间减小,但标准平均停留时间增大,死区率减小;当进水流量为15L／h（水力负荷为620mm／d）时,水流在湿地中的散度最大,水流更接近全混流,不利于污染物的降解。     

pH对生物质同步水解产酸的影响

采用香蒲枯叶作为发酵基质,考察了水生生物质在培养温度为(25.0±0.5)℃、pH为6～12下的水解产酸情况.结果表明:(1)实验末期(30 d),不同pH下香蒲枯叶中半纤维素降解率为28％～60％,比纤维素(19％～42％)和木质素(1％～46％)高.(2)在同一发酵时间内,发酵液总有机碳(TOC)、还原糖浓度总体随...     

基于用水总量控制的水资源承载能力分析研究——以赣江袁河流域为例

通过界定水资源承载能力的概念和内涵,提出基于总量控制条件下人口 经济 水资源三者系统协调耦合的水资源承载能力分析计算方法,分别采用产业结构调整和水资源优化配置模型等措施,以赣江袁河流域水资源承载能力分析计算进行例证。研究结果表明：在用水总量控制、保障社会发展水平和人均GDP水平条件下,（1）优化后行业用水定额下降,流域需水总量减少,水资源利用效率提高,目标年2015年和2030年流域需水量调整后较调整前分别减少036亿m3、090亿m3,较调整前下降了23%和53%;（2）对于不同目标年,优化后用水区域可承载GDP和承载人口有所增加,2015年和2030年全流域可承载GDP分别增加2649亿元和15191亿元,全流域可承载人口分别增加773万人和1874万人     

煤气生产车间CO气体浓度监控技术的研究

根据某化工厂煤气生产工艺流程,研究预防CO气体泄漏引起的火灾、爆炸和中毒事故的监控系统,分析监控系统的工作原理及电路图,对CO监控技术的研究和气体传感器的研制有重要的参考价值.