Food wastes as fish feeds for polyculture of low-trophic-level fish: bioaccumulation and health risk assessments of heavy metals in the cultured fish

The major purpose of this study was to use different types of food wastes which serve as the major sources of protein to replace the fish meal used in fish feeds to produce quality fish. Two types of food waste-based feed pellets FW A (with cereals) and FW B (with cereals and meat products) and the commercial feed Jinfeng® were used to culture fingerlings of three low-trophic-level fish species: bighead carp, grass carp, and mud carp (in the ratio of 1:3:1) for 1 year period in the Sha Tau Kok Organic Farm in Hong Kong. Heavy metal concentrations in all of the fish species fed with food waste pellets and commercial pellets in Sha Tau Kok fish ponds were all below the local and international maximum permissible levels in food. Health risk assessments indicated that human consumption of the fish fed with food waste feed pellets was safe for the Hong Kong residents. The present results revealed that recycling of food waste for cultivating low-trophic-level fish (mainly herbivores and detritus feeders) is feasible, and at the same time will ease the disposal pressure of food waste, a common problem of densely populated cities like Hong Kong.     

水溶性有机物在土壤中的吸附及对Cu沉淀的抑制作用

通过室内序批试验研究了来自绿肥(GM)和猪粪(PM)的水溶性有机物(DOM)在潮土和红壤中的吸附行为以及来自绿肥和猪粪堆肥(PMC)的DOM对Cu在高pH下沉淀的影响.结果表明,当没有外源DOM加入时,潮土、红壤中存在DOM的净释放,分别为33.58mg·L^-1和17.17mg·L^-1.随外源DOM加入量的增加土壤净释放量减小,存在土壤对DOM的吸附作用.与绿肥DOM相比,土壤对猪粪DOM的吸附能力更强,m、K_d分别为0.424 1、2.946(红壤),0.284 6、1.58(潮土).比绿肥对应高出32.9%、57.1%(红壤),67%、93.7%(潮土).红壤由于Fe、Al、Mn等氧化物含量较高及低pH值,使其对DOM的亲和力比潮土强.试验结果还表明绿肥和猪粪堆肥DOM能够明显地抑制Cu的沉淀,在pH6～10范围内效果明显,其中Cu的沉淀率分别降低了43.6%(Cu+GM),22.6%(Cu+PMC).     

污泥堆肥过程中水溶性有机物光谱学变化特征

采用光谱分析技术，研究了污泥堆肥过程中水溶性有机物的组成与结构特征变化。红外和紫外光谱显示：在42天的堆肥过程中水溶性有机物中NH4^ 含量和多糖类物质含量逐渐减少，而羧基和含苯环的物质含量明显增加。荧光光谱和E4／D6比结果进一步证实，随着堆肥的进行水溶性有机物的芳构化程度增大，样品中的腐殖类物质与富啡酸相似。     

模拟试验初探秋茄湿地系统中锌的分配与土壤容量

对温室中建立的含底泥、潮汐海水和１ａ生秋茄苗的模拟湿地系统,分别用人工海水（ＣＫ）和不同Ｚｎ浓度的人工污水定时、定量进行持续１ａ的污灌,以研究Ｚｎ在模拟系统中各部分的分配和系统对Ｚｎ的承受能力．结果表明：加入系统的３种ρ（Ｚｎ）处理污水中的Ｚｎ主要存留在土壤中（４５．８０％～８９．４５％）,植物和凋落物中的Ｚｎ共占加入量０．２２％～１．４８％．根据物质平衡模型计算得的系统使用寿命ｔ至少为２４ａ．     

Optimization of control parameters for petroleum waste composting

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ｐｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｒａｐｉｄｌｙｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄａｇｒｅａｔｄｅａｌｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｐｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍｗａｓｔｅｓ ,ｗｈｉｃｈｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｅｄｎａｔｕｒａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｅｖｅｒｅｌｙ .Ｉｔｉｓｉｍｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅｔｏｓｅｅｋａｎｅｗａｎｄｃｏｓｔ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｆｏｒｐｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍｗａｓｔｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ.Ａｍｏｎｇａｌｌｔｈ…     

悬浮TiO_2-铂电极体系光电催化降解染料

文章采用悬浮TiO2-铂电极体系,以悬浮TiO2作为光催化剂,在两片铂电极间施加一定的电压,研究了染料Procion Red MX-5B在NaCl和Na2SO4电解质溶液中的光电催化降解。光电催化的效率与NaCl溶液的浓度和外加电压密切相关,在0.3mol/L的NaCl溶液中,外加电压8V的条件下,10min内染料的脱色率达到95%,而同时间内光催化脱色率只能达到35%。当外加电压超过5V时,电降解几乎与光电催化具有相同的染料脱色率,然而电降解并不能使染料降解的中间物矿化。光电催化能够在反应的最初一个小时去除溶液中80%的TOC,相同时间内光催化能够去除50%。光电催化与光催化都不能完全矿化所处理的染料,原因在于溶液中生成了非常稳定的降解产物。在Na2SO4溶液中,外加电压只能轻微的提高染料的脱色率,但却不能促进中间产物的分解。     

Arsenic contamination in the freshwater fish ponds of Pearl River Delta: bioaccumulation and health risk assessment

This study investigated the extent of arsenic (As) contamination in five common species of freshwater fish (northern snakehead [Channa argus], mandrarin fish [Siniperca chuatsi], largemouth bass [Lepomis macrochirous], bighead carp [Aristichthys nobilis] and grass carp [Ctenopharyngodon idellus]) and their associated fish pond sediments collected from 18 freshwater fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The total As concentrations detected in fish muscle and sediment in freshwater ponds around the PRD were 0.05–3.01 mg?kg^?1 wet weight (w. wt) and 8.41–22.76 mg?kg^?1 dry weight (d. wt), respectively. In addition, the As content was positively correlated (p?<?0.05) to total organic carbon (TOC) contents in sediments. Biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) showed that omnivorous fish and zooplankton accumulated higher concentrations of heavy metals from the sediment than carnivorous fish. In addition, feeding habits of fish also influence As accumulation in different fish species. In this study, two typical food chains of the aquaculture ponds were selected for investigation: (1) omnivorous food chain (zooplankton, grass carp and bighead carp) and (2) predatory food chain (zooplankton, mud carp and mandarin fish). Significant linear relationships were obtained between log As and δ ¹⁵N. The slope of the regression (?0.066 and ?0.078) of the log transformed As concentrations and δ ¹⁵N values, as biomagnifications power, indicated there was no magnification or diminution of As from lower trophic levels (zooplankton) to fish in the aquaculture ponds. Consumption of largemouth bass, northern snakehead and bighead carp might impose health risks of Hong Kong residents consuming these fish to the local population, due to the fact that its cancer risk (CR) value exceeded the upper limit of the acceptable risk levels (10^?4) stipulated by the USEPA.     

Modelling the propagation of an internal solitary wave across double ridges and a shelf-slope

Evolution of the internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the northern South China Sea (SCS) has recently attracted the attention of many oceanographers in Taiwan and the United States. These ISWs are believed to have been induced by a branch of the Kuroshio current over Luzon Strait, which propagates westward over two ridges in the Luzon Strait between Taiwan and the Philippines, and further onto the continental margin with a shelf-slope in the SCS. This paper presents some preliminary results for the evolution of a depression ISW across two triangular obstacles using numerical modelling and laboratory experiments. The experimental results confirm that the intervals and relative height between the two obstacles are important factors in the interaction of an ISW with the obstacles. However, in the case of the movement of an ISW of depression-type across the Luzon Strait, the effect of the two ridges on the characteristics of the ISW might be less significant than that from the shelf-slope, due to the variations in relative water depth. Results from numerical experiments also show that the amplitude of an ISW can be augmented once the wave commences its contact with a shelf-slope, where an internal hydraulic jump and wave breaking with vortex motion are evident in the laboratory experiments. Eventually, an ISW of depression-type could become an elevation-type at the edge of the continental shelf landwards beyond the turning point, where the upper layer is larger than the bottom layer in a stratified water column.     

Cadmium uptake and speciation changes in the rhizosphere of cadmium accumulator and non-accumulator oilseed rape varieties

Characteristics of cadmium (Cd) uptake kinetics and distribution of Cd speciation in the rhizosphere for Cd accumulator and non-accumulator oilseed rape varieties were investigated under nutrient solution and rhizobox soil culture conditions. The results showed that the maximal influx (V_max) for Cd²⁺ andK_m were significantly different for the two oilseed rape varieties. The value of V_max for Cd accumulator oilseed rape Zhucang Huazi was two-fold greater than that for oilseed rape Chuan you II-93. The exchangeable Cd concentration in the rhizosphere was significantly lower than in non-rhizospheric soils supplemented with CdSO₄ for both the varieties. Carbonate-bound Cd in the rhizosphere of Cd accumulator oilseed rape was significantly higher than that in the rhizosphere of non-accumulator oilseed rape and non-rhizospheric soil. Cd accumulator oilseed rape had a higher Cd²⁺ affinity and more ability to uptake insoluble Cd in the soil than the non-accumulator oilseed rape.