基于eDNA技术的渭河浮游动物多样性及关键种生态位特征

环境DNA（eDNA）技术作为水生态系统生物多样性监测的新手段,能够从微观角度对生物群落结构特征进行分析.基于渭河干流eDNA浮游动物OTUs分类信息数据及水环境参数,采用多样性指数、非度量多维尺度分析、聚类分析和关联网络分析等方法,探究了浮游动物的多样性和群落结构变化特征,揭示了关键种的生态位分化及其环境适应性.结果表明,浮游动物群落在物种组成、丰度、多样性和空间异质性方面均存在显著差异（P<0.01）.Chao1指数、ACE指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数的均值分别为22.25、22.38、2.32和0.68,下游生物多样性明显高于上游.群落中的关键种与其他物种间连接度较高,具有高节点度、中心性和模块化特征.关键种（类）的OTUs生态位宽度B_i变化范围为0.38~0.80,中生态位种类占全部关键种（类）的63%,生态位重叠程度总体较高.水环境要素与浮游动物群落结构和生态位变化密切相关,其中总氮和水温是其主要限制因子,对浮游动物群落结构变化具有重要影响.     

滇池底泥的砷污染现及其吸附特性

本文详细调查分析了滇池底泥中砷污染现状并进行了评价,同时研究了滇池底泥对砷的吸附特性以及底泥中砷的不同形态及其含量特征。      

工业废水催化湿式氧化处理的研究

采用系列贵金属-半导体氧化物催化剂,在高压釜中250℃液相条件下对焦化厂等工业废水以及由氨、吡啶等组成的模拟废水进行液相氧化试验。结果发现几种催化剂对不同污染物有不同序列的催化氧化活性,其净化作用有各自的选择性。WT-501催化剂对氨和有机污染物均有高活性,焦化废水经WT-501催化氧化处理后’COD、NH_3分別从9302mg/L和5230mg/L降至619mg/L和47mg/L,去除率高达93.2％和99％。     

工业大气污染源排放绩效定量评价及应用

工业源治理是改善环境空气质量的重要途径,而如何开展精准治污仍然是目前亟需回答的问题.以天津市西青区为例,基于第二次全国污染源普查数据,对工业企业开展污染物排放绩效定量评价,并深入探究排放绩效评价应用于工业源精细化管控治理的意义、可行性以及存在的问题.结果 发现,西青区各行业的排放绩效水平差异较大.污染物排放绩效水平与行...     

Monoclonal antibody produced by heterologous indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its application for parathion residue determination in agricultural and environmental samples

A heterologous indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed, which was based on monoclonal antibody (Mab) to determine parathion residue in agricultural and environmental samples. Eight Mabs were produced by introducing the heterologous indirect ELISA into the screening procedure. It was shown that these Mabs had more broad-reactivity with twenty competitors than that of 5H7 (Mab produced by homologous screening). So it became much easier using these new Mabs to develop heterologous immunoassays. In addition, all the developed heterologous ELISAs could be used to determine parathion residue in semiquantitative or quantitative level, and their detection limitation (LOD) was around 2 ng/mL. Compared with the previous heterologous ELISA (hapten 11/5H7) with IC₅₀ of 13.3 ng/mL, a better heterologous ELISA (hapten 11/1E1) was obtained with IC₅₀ of 3.8 ng/mL, which improved the sensitivity 3.5 times. Finally, the latter was applied to parathion residue determination in spiked agricultural and environmental samples without extraction or cleanup. The average recoveries of parathion added to water, soil, cucumber, Chinese cabbage and carrot were between 80.4 % and 111.8 %. The LOD for water and soil samples was 5 ng/mL, and the LOD for cucumber, rice and corn samples was 10 ng/mL.     

Influences of adding easily degradable organic waste on the minimization and humification of organic matter during straw composting

To find a better composting process with low greenhouse gas emission and high humus production, the effect of adding kitchen waste on reduction and humification of organic matter during straw composting was studied. Three processes were compared, consisting of different ratios of straw and kitchen waste (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1). At four time points over a 62-d incubation, the reduction and humification of compost was evaluated by measuring the total mass, carbon content, and humic material content of the compost. Treatment 1 (straw/kitchen waste ratio of 1:2) reduced the total mass of compost the most. Treatment 2 (straw/kitchen waste ratio of 1:1) reduced the total carbon content the most, reflecting the highest emission of greenhouse gas. Treatment 3 produced the most humic acid material and released the lowest amount of carbon. Hence, from the point of view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing stable organic matter such as humus and humic acid during composting, treatment #3 was optimal. The three treatments resulted in significant differences in microbial biomass and enzyme activity during composting. The highest amount of active microbial biomass was associated with the largest reduction in compost mass (treatment 1). Higher proportions of straw (treatments 2 and 3), which contains more lignin, were associated with greater β-glycosidase activity, which may generate more humus that can improve soil quality. Dehydrogenase activity seemed to be the most important microbial factor in organic carbon catabolism or humification.     

Concentrations and distributions of 18 organochlorine pesticides listed in the Stockholm Convention in surface sediments from the Liaohe River basin,China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in 26 surface sediment samples from the Liaohe River basin, and the distributions of and potential environmental risks posed by OCPs in the basin were evaluated. Eighteen OCPs listed in the Stockholm Convention were determined using isotope-dilution gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first study of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the Liaohe River basin sediments. The total OCP concentrations were 0.39–68.06 ng g^?1 dry weight. The total α-, β-, γ-, and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), the total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT – p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), o,p^'-DDT, and p,p′-DDT), and the HCB concentrations in the sediment samples were 0.1–28.48 ng g^?1 (mean 4.01 ng g^?1), 0.08–6.52 ng g^?1 (mean 3.07 ng g^?1), and 0.18–24.8 ng g^?1 (mean 4.38 ng g^?1), respectively. The HCB concentrations were higher than the concentrations of the other OCPs, and the HCHs and HCB together were the dominant OCPs. β-HCH was the most abundant HCH isomer. The concentrations of DDTs and other OCPs were relatively low, and the (DDE+DDD)/DDT ratios (>0.5) and DDD/DDE ratios (<1) indicated that no recent DDT inputs had occurred in the Liaohe River system. The main sources of HCHs were probably the historical production and agricultural use of HCH in the study area. The DDT and HCH concentrations were generally below or similar to the concentrations that have been found in other parts of the world. An ecotoxicological evaluation indicated that HCHs in surface sediments pose slight risks to human and ecological health in the Liaohe River basin.     

Estimating Maximum Concentrations for Open Path Monitoring Along a Fixed Beam Path

ABSTRACT

Researchers have applied open path optical sensing techniques to a variety of workplace and environmental monitoring problems. Usually these data are reported in terms of a path-average (or path-integrated) concentration. When assessing potential human exposures along a beam path, this path-average value is not always informative, since concentrations along the path can vary substantially from the beam average. The focus of this research is to arrive at a method for estimating the upper-bound in contaminant concentrations over a fixed open beam path. The approach taken here uses a statistical model to estimate an upper-bound concentration based on a combination of the path-average and a measure of the spatial variability computed from point samples along the beam path. Results of computer simulations and experimental testing in a controlled ventilation chamber indicate that the model produced conservative estimates for the maximum concentration along the beam path. This approach may have many applications for open path monitoring in workplaces or wherever maximum concentrations are a concern.     

上海室内外灰尘中多氯联苯及其人体暴露评估

2008年11月~2009年6月以气象学分4个季度测定了上海地区居民家庭室内外灰尘中多氯联苯(PCBs)的浓度.研究表明,春季和冬季室内灰尘中PCBs平均含量高于夏季和秋季,而室外灰尘中PCBs含量表现相反特征.单个室内样品∑PCBs浓度范围为1.0×103~1.97×106pg/g,室外为n.d.~1.96×106pg/g.此外,通过生理学的体外实验模拟人体胃肠消化过程,并利用响应面法研究影响PCBs生物有效性的因素,发现胆汁浓度相对于消化时间、液固比和污染物浓度对PCBs生物有效性影响最大.依据室内外灰尘中PCBs年平均浓度、生物有效性及灰尘摄入量计算得出,上海地区儿童和成人通过摄入灰尘人均PCBs的日暴露量分别为2.657×102~1.078×104pg/d和1.328×102~ 5.392×103pg/d.     

Bacterial diversity in activated sludge from a consecutively aerated submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic wastewater

The bacterial diversity of activated sludge from submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) was investigated. A 16S rDNA clone library was generated, and 150 clones were screened using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the screened clones, almost full-length 16S rDNA sequences of 64 clones were sequenced. Phylogenetic tree was constructed with a database containing clone sequences from this study and bacterial rDNA sequences from NCBI for identification purposes. The 90.6% of the clones were a?l...