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Richard Grace R.Kerry Turner Ingo Walter 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1978,5(2):172-186
The paper develops the international trade dimensions of recycling. It begins by outlining the sources of demand and supply that determine the volume, composition and direction of trade in waste materials. The model is intended to describe factors affecting international flows of any type of secondary material, although its usefulness in an empirical context is restricted in many cases by data limitations and complex lag structures on the supply side. Parts of the model are then applied to the case of waste paper, focusing on observed differences in national recycling rates and the role of trade in reconciling those differences. 相似文献
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Hannah P. Sassi Koiya D. Tuttle Walter Q. Betancourt Masaaki Kitajima Charles P. Gerba 《Food and environmental virology》2018,10(3):297-304
This study was designed to determine the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) signal persistence of viruses in three effluent-dominated streams. Samples were collected from the effluent outfall of three wastewater treatment plants in the Western United States and downstream at different locations. All samples were tested for the presence of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), adenoviruses, norovirus GI and GII, Aichi virus, and enteroviruses using qPCR. PMMoV was detected most frequently in 54/57 (94.7%) samples, followed by adenoviruses which was detected in 21/57 (36.8%) samples. PMMoV was detected at all locations downstream and up to 32 km from the discharge point. This study demonstrated that the detection signal of PMMoV was able to persist in wastewater discharges to a greater degree than human enteric viruses in effluent-dominated rivers. 相似文献
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POTE John HALLER Laurence KOTTELAT R′egis SASTRE Vincent ARPAGAUS Philippe WILDI Walter 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2009,21(1):62-69
The aims of this study was to investigate the persistence and the growth of culturable bacterial indicators (CBI) including total
coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms represented by Escherichia coli, enterococcus (ENT), and aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) in
the surface sediments and the water column of Vidy Bay (Lake Geneva, City of Lausanne, Switzerland). The study was carried out for
60 d using microcosms containing Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) e uent and nonsterile water without CBI, as well as contaminated
and non-contaminated sediments. The e ects of water temperature and of organic matter associated with sediments on the survival of
CBI in the sediments and the water column were observed. The number of CBI colonies in the contaminated sediments of Vidy Bay and
in the STP e uent was almost identical in the order of 105–107, 104–106, 103–105, and 104–107 CFU/100 g sediment or /100 mL water
for TC, E. coli, ENT, and AMB respectively. A degradation of CBI was observed in the sediments where organic mater content was
low and in the water column at a temperature of 10°C after 5 d of experimentation. In addition, a growth of CBI was observed in the
sediment which is rich in organic matter at 20°C. The results of this study indicate: (1) the higher concentrations of the CBI observed
in di erent points in the water column of Vidy Bay may not be explained only by the recent contribution of the three potential sources
of the Bay contamination including STP and the Chamberonne and Flon Rivers, but also by the persistence, removal from sediment
and multiplication of CBI in the sediment and water column; (2) the sediment of Vidy Bay constitute a reservoir of CBI and can even
support their growth; and (3) the CBI not only survive in sediments, but also can be remobilized and increased in the water column,
therefore, it become a permanent microbiological pollution in Vidy Bay. 相似文献
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Pieternel A.M. Claassen Truus de Vrije Emmanuel Koukios Ed van Niel Inci Eroglu Michael Modigell Anton Friedl Walter Wukovits Werner Ahrer 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2010
The objectives and methodology of the EU-funded research project HYVOLUTION devoted to hydrogen production from biomass are reviewed.The main scientific objective of this project is the development of a novel two-stage bioprocess employing thermophilic and phototrophic bacteria, for the cost-effective production of pure hydrogen from multiple biomass feedstocks in small-scale, cost-effective industries. Results are summarised of the work on pretreatment technologies for optimal biodegradation of energy crops and bio-residues, conditions for maximum efficiency in conversion of fermentable biomass to hydrogen and CO2, concepts of dedicated installations for optimal gas cleaning and gas quality protocols, as well as innovative system integration aimed at minimizing energy demand and maximizing product output.The main technological objective is the construction of prototype modules of the plant which, when assembled, form the basis of a blueprint for the whole chain for converting biomass to pure hydrogen. A brief outline is presented of the progress made towards developing reactors for thermophilic hydrogen production, reactors for photoheterotrophic hydrogen production and equipment for optimal gas cleaning procedures. 相似文献