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671.
Lammel G Klöpffer W Semeena VS Schmidt E Leip A 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(3):153-165
Background, Aim and Scope Modelling of the fate of environmental chemicals can be done by relatively simple multi-media box models or using complex
atmospheric transport models. It was the aim of this work to compare the results obtained for both types of models using a
small set of non-ionic and non-polar or moderately polar organic chemicals, known to be distributed over long distances.
Materials and Methods Predictions of multimedia exposure models of different types, namely three multimedia mass-balance box models (MBMs), two
in the steady state and one in the non-steady state mode, and one non-steady state multicompartment chemistry-atmospheric
transport model (MCTM), are compared for the first time. The models used are SimpleBox, Chemrange, the MPI-MBM and the MPI-MCTM.
The target parameters addressed are compartmental distributions (i.e. mass fractions in the compartments), overall environmental
residence time (i.e. overall persistence and eventually including other final sinks, such as loss to the deep sea) and a measure
for the long-range transport potential. These are derived for atrazine, benz-[a]-pyrene, DDT, α and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane,
methyl parathion and various modes of substance entry into the model world.
Results and Discussion Compartmental distributions in steady state were compared. Steady state needed 2–10 years to be established in the MCTM. The
highest fraction of the substances in air is predicted by the MCTM. Accordingly, the other models predict longer substance
persistence in most cases. The results suggest that temperature affects the compartmental distribution more in the box models,
while it is only one among many climate factors acting in the transport model. The representation of final sinks in the models,
e.g. burial in the sediment, is key for model-based compartmental distribution and persistence predictions. There is a tendency
of MBMs to overestimate substance sinks in air and to underestimate atmospheric transport velocity as a consequence of the
neglection of the temporal and spatial variabilities of these parameters. Therefore, the long-range transport potential in
air derived from MCTM simulations exceeds the one from Chemrange in most cases and least for substances which undergo slow
degradation in air.
Conclusions and Perspectives MBMs should be improved such as to ascertain that the significance of the atmosphere for the multicompartmental cycling is
not systematically underestimated. Both types of models should be improved such as to cover degradation in air in the particle-bound
state and transport via ocean currents. A detailed understanding of the deviations observed in this work and elsewhere should
be gained and multimedia fate box models could then be ‘tuned in’ to match better the results of comprehensive multicompartmental
transport models.
ESS-Submission Editor: Prof. Dr. Michael Matthies (matthies@uos.de) 相似文献
672.
Konstantin Terytze Nicola Bäulke Walter Böhmer Josef Müller 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1998,10(6):326-332
To work out background values, the information of concentration profiles of PAHs in soils of uncontaminated territories is indispensable. This investigation shows PAH concentrations of different soil samples like agricultural soils, grassland, forest and litter from the biosphere reserve in Spreewald, Germany. The mean values of the soil samples are about 460 μg Σ-PAK/kg d.m. A top value of 7.2 mg Σ-PAK/kg d.m. shows a sample of a flooded grassland area. The relation of the concentrations in the litter, forest, grassland and agricultural soil samples is about 5∶3∶2∶1. Compared to the other samples, the litter samples contain a higher amount of low molecular PAHs. Increasing distance to the former power plants Lübbenau and Vetschau (brown coal) lead to decreasing PAH contents in the soil samples of forests from 2190.9 after 4 km to 294.8 Σ-PAK/kg d.m. after 16 km. In comparison to results obtained in Nordrhein-Westfalen and Bayern, the PAH measurements indicate Spreewald to be an uncontaminated and rural area. 相似文献
673.
674.
Retrospective monitoring of synthetic musk compounds in aquatic biota from German rivers and coastal areas 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The polycyclic musk compounds HHCB (Galaxolide) and AHTN (Tonalide) are commonly used as synthetic fragrances in personal care products and household cleaners. These and other synthetic musk fragrances were quantified in different aquatic samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). While HHCB and AHTN were found in almost all samples, most of the other musk fragrances were detected only in a few samples and mostly at lower concentration levels. Blue mussels from the North Sea showed varying levels of 0.5-1.7 ng g(-1) ww for HHCB and 0.4-2.5 ng g(-1) ww for AHTN (ww, wet weight) in the period from 1986 to 2000, while blue mussels from the Baltic Sea were only slightly contaminated with synthetic musk fragrances. Lipid weight-related concentrations of synthetic musk compounds in blue mussels were higher than in eelpout muscles, bladder wrack and herring gull eggs. In comparison to the marine specimens, muscles of bream from German rivers had higher concentrations of HHCB and AHTN. The ranges of HHCB and AHTN concentrations in bream from the Elbe River were 545-6400 ng g(-1) lw and 48-2130 ng g(-1) lw, respectively (lw, lipid weight; five sampling sites, period 1993-2003). In the Rhine River, HHCB and AHTN levels of bream muscles were highest at the Iffezheim site (up to 9750 ng g(-1) lw HHCB, 1998). Even higher synthetic musk levels were detected in bream from the rivers Saale and Saar. In recent years, levels of both compounds determined in bream from most sampling sites have decreased from maximum values in the 1990s. As the concentrations of AHTN have decreased faster, the ratio of HHCB to AHTN increased from 2-4 in the 1990s to 10-20 in recent years. 相似文献
675.
Gast n Azziz Mat as Gim nez H ctor Romero Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo Luisa I. Falc n Lucas A. M. Ruberto Walter P. Mac Cormack Silvia Batista 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(3):44
676.
Increased attention has recently been given to the possible role of financial services in the management of natural disaster risk. Local communities have been at the forefront of developing innovative disaster risk finance strategies and implementing risk-oriented incentive programs. In view of increasing risks, including the impacts of climate change, such programs will become more important. This paper examines four models and some recent experiences in using financial services at the community level. The paper offers an overview of advantages and limitations of each model to manage disaster risk in communities. Examples include a federal government initiated scheme of social protection funds, a local government risk reduction scheme, an insurance product provided by a non-governmental organization, and a micro-insurance scheme. Finally, the paper offers some directions about specific ways that the public and private sectors, in collaboration with other partners can improve finance alternatives for disaster management at the community level. It appears that a range of follow-up studies and further dialogue is needed, in order to expand the knowledge on what types of risk finance models can help manage and reduce the financial impacts of natural disasters. 相似文献
677.
环境变化背景下北极生物的多样性、分布及其适应性 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Terry V.Callaghan Lars Olof Bjrn Yuri Chernov Terry Chapin Torben R.Christensen Brain Huntley Roll A.Ims Margareta Johansson Dyanna Jolly Sven Jonasson Nadya Matveyeva Nicolai Panikov Walter Oechel Gus Shaver Josef Elster Heikki Henttonen Karl Laine Kari Taulavuori Erja Taulavuori Christoph Zckler 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2004,33(7):380-393
生物个体是对气候变化和紫外线B(UV-B)辐射变化产生反应的基础,而且这种反应会在各种时间尺度上发生.北极地区的动物、植物以及微生物种类的多样性从表面上看是低的,而且从北方针叶林到极地荒漠逐渐减少,但其原始物种却很丰富.与这种物种多样性随纬向梯度减少的趋势相反,一些空间分布范围很广的单一优势物种的优势度则呈增长趋势.全球气候变暖可能会减少该地区的物种多样性,并限制到这些物种的分布范围,尤其是在该地区生物分布的北部边缘,一些极地特有的动物和植物种类会面临着灭绝的危险.最有可能侵入苔原地带的物种是那些目前生存在极地外缘的北方地区生物.许多植物都具有自身的特征使它们能够在以下环境中生存短暂的无冰雪覆盖的生长季节,低的太阳高度角,永久冻结地带及低的土壤温度,贫乏的养分获取条件以及极少的物理扰动.以上这些特征有些可能会限制当地物种对气候变暖的反应,但其最主要的因素是这些物种与那些潜在的入侵物种相比缺乏竞争能力.北极地区陆生动物拥有许多适应特性,这使它们能够适应北极地区剧烈的温度变化.许多动物通过冬眠或迁移来逃避极地地区的恶劣天气和资源短缺.北极地区动物生存的生物环境则相对简单几乎没有天敌、竞争者、疾病、寄生生物,但同时食物资源也很短缺.极地陆生动物可能对由气候变化带来的温暖而干旱的夏季非常不适应,这种变化将会影响到动物的迁移路线、途中栖息地,并会改变冬季积雪的状况和冻融的循环过程.气候变化还会改变动物繁殖和发育的季节,并会引来新的竞争者、捕食者、寄生生物以及疾病等.极地微生物也能很好地适应该地区的气候一些微生物甚至在-39℃的低温下还能进行代谢活动.蓝藻细菌和藻类生物有着很广泛的适应策略,这能够使它们避免(至少可以减少)紫外线的伤害.微生物能够忍受许多环境条件,而且其生长周期很短,这些特点将使它们能很快适应新的生存环境.与此形成对比的是,极地植物和动物很可能通过改变其分布范围而不是积极的生物进化来适应环境的变暖. 相似文献
678.
Gerecke AC Giger W Hartmann PC Heeb NV Kohler HP Schmid P Zennegg M Kohler M 《Chemosphere》2006,64(2):311-317
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) are high production volume chemicals used as flame retardants in plastics for products such as electronic equipment, insulation panels, and textiles. The environmental safety of brominated flame retardants, especially their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity is a controversial topic. Here, we studied and compared the degradation of TBBPA, HBCD, and DecaBDE under anaerobic conditions in digested sewage sludge. The half-lives of TBBPA and a technical HBCD mixture were 0.59 and 0.66 d, respectively. The fact that (+/-)-alpha-HBCD exhibited an almost doubled half-life compared to (+/-)-beta-HBCD and (+/-)-gamma-HBCD is an important finding with respect to the discussion on the persistence of individual HBCD stereoisomers and the recent reports on strong relative enrichment of alpha-HBCD in biota. We found no statistically significant enantioselective degradation of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-HBCD. Half-lives of TBBPA and a technical HBCD mixture were not dependent on the presence of additional nutrients or primers. Concentrations of TBBPA and a technical HBCD mixture decreased also in sterile control samples, however, at a rate that was more than a factor of 50 smaller than in incubations under non-sterile conditions. Compared to TBBPA and a technical HBCD mixture, DecaBDE exhibited a much longer half-life of 7 x 10(2)d in the same system. Pseudo-first-order degradation rate constants decreased according to the following sequence: TBBPA congruent with(+/-)-gamma-HBCD congruent with(+/-)-beta-HBCD>(+/-)-alpha-HBCD>DecaBDE. Preliminary investigations suggest that degradation of TBBPA, HBCD, and DecaBDE occurs in full-scale anaerobic digesters, as well. 相似文献
679.
680.
This work investigates the thermal release of mercury from phosphor powder of spent fluorescent lamps. The treatment conditions and the ability of various reducing agents (primarily sodium borohydride) to lower the overall heating temperature required to improve the release of Hg have been evaluated. Hg species in samples were monitored in a thermal desorption atomic absorption spectrometer system, and total mercury was analyzed in a cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometer. Sodium borohydride was the best reducing agent among the ones studied. However, citric acid presented a high capacity to weaken mercury bonds with the matrix. When the sample was crushed with sodium borohydride for 40min in a mass ratio of 10:1 (sample:reducing agent) and submitted to thermal treatment at 300 degrees C for 2h, the concentration of mercury in a phosphor powder sample with 103mgkg(-1) of mercury reached 6.6mgkg(-1). 相似文献