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261.
Rakhmanbek Mamatkadyrovich Toichuev Liudmila Victorovna Zhilova Timur Rashidinovich Paizildaev Madina Shavkatovna Khametova Abdygapar Rakhmatillaev Kyialbek Sherikbaevich Sakibaev Zhanyl Akhmedovna Madykova Asel Uezbekovna Toichueva Margret Schlumpf Roland Weber Walter Lichtensteiger 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(32):31885-31894
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined by gas chromatography in 241 placentas from cotton-growing regions, 121 placentas from an urban area (city of Osh), and 146 placentas from unpolluted mountain regions of Kyrgyzstan. Manifestations of disease were recorded in the mothers during pregnancy and parturition and in their newborns during the first 6 days of life. OCPs were detected in 240 out of 508 placentas (47.2%), with increased incidence in the two polluted regions (65%), particularly in placentas from women living near former pesticide storehouses and agro air-strips (99%), but only in 2.7% of placentas from the unpolluted region. α-, β-, and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH); DDT; DDE; aldrin; and heptachlor were detected. The sum of concentrations of all OCPs (total OCPs) was calculated for each of the 240 placentas with detectable OCPs (median 9.5 μg/kg placenta, mean 88.3 μg/kg, range 0.1–3070 μg/kg). The incidence of health problems in four subgroups of this data set, with increasing levels of total OCPs, was compared with the incidence of health problems in the group of 268 placentas, where OCPs were undetectable. Relative risk of health problems in both, mothers and newborns, increased significantly, in a concentration-dependent manner, with increasing levels of total OCPs (p?<?0.0001). Health complications with increased incidence in OCP-exposed newborns included, i.a., low birth weight, congenital malformations, infections, and stillbirths, in OCP-exposed mothers preterm delivery, (pre-)eclampsia/gestosis, and frequency of hospitalizations after delivery (infections). Women living near former pesticide storehouses and agro airstrips should be considered as being at risk. Reduction of exposure is urgently needed. 相似文献
262.
Walter?MusakwaEmail authorView authors OrcID profile 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2018,20(5):2281-2299
Land reform is identified as a key tool in fostering development in South Africa. Twenty years after the advent of democracy in South Africa, the land question remains a critical issue for policy makers. Several frameworks have been put in place by the government to identify land that is strategically located for land reform. However, many of these frameworks are not well aligned and not objective in defining strategically located land for land reform and often lead to unsustainable land use management practices. This has hampered the government’s land reform initiative in promoting agricultural land reform and food security. Accordingly, there is a need to develop a decision support tool that facilitates the identification of strategically located land for land reform. This study proposes the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to develop a strategically located land index (SLLI) to identify land suitable for agricultural land reform. Participatory workshops and the group analytical hierarchy process were utilised to identify and weigh criteria used in computing the SLLI. The results indicate that land that is suitable for agricultural land reform is scarce, and there are also competing needs on the highly suitable land for agriculture. The study demonstrates that GIS and MCDA are invaluable tools in facilitating evidence-based decision-making for land reform and sustainable land use management practices. The SLLI is not the panacea to land identification; there is also need to appreciate the contested nature of land in South Africa. 相似文献
263.
Josué Ilunga Mubedi Naresh Devarajan Séverine Le Faucheur John Kayembe Mputu Emmanuel K. Atibu Periyasamy Sivalingam Kandasamy Prabakar Pius T. Mpiana Walter Wildi John Poté 《Chemosphere》2013
Physicochemical and ecotoxicological analyses have been performed to assess the quality of sediments receiving untreated hospital effluents from Indian and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) hospitals. The sediments were collected monthly and characterized for grain size, organic matter, total organic carbon, total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, toxic metals and ecotoxicity. The results highlight the high concentration of toxic metals from the Indian hospital effluent receiving systems, especially for Cr, Cu, As, Zn and Hg. On the other hand, the metal concentrations in the sediment receiving system from DRC are low (e.g. maximum Hg and Zn concentration were 0.46 and 48.84 mg kg−1 respectively). Ostracods exposed to sediment samples H2 (September month sample) and H3 (June and September month samples) were found dead after 6 d of exposure whereas the higher mortality rate for Congo sediments was 23% but was accompanied with 33 ± 7% of growth inhibition. The results of this study show the variation of sediment composition on toxic metal levels as well as toxicity related to both, the type of hospitals and the sampling period. Additionally, hospital effluent disposal practices at the study sites can lead to the pollution of water resources and may generate risks for aquatic organisms and human health. 相似文献
264.
We are happy and proud to announce that our book ‘Atmospheric Degradation of Organic Substances — Data for Persistence and
Long-range Transport’ (see pp. 143–144) has recently been published by Wiley-VCH [1]. It contains a critical compilation of
photo degradation rate constants and quantum efficiencies relevant for calculating the atmospheric persistence of volatile
and a few semi-volatile organic compounds. In addition to the data of nearly 1100 substances, the importance of persistence
in air and long-range transport potential is presented in two chapters from the point of view of chemicals legislation and
of atmospheric photochemistry. 相似文献
265.
Corona P Agrimi M Baffetta F Barbati A Chiriacò MV Fattorini L Pompei E Valentini R Mattioli W 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(3):1409-1422
Urban areas are continuously expanding today, extending their influence on an increasingly large proportion of woods and trees
located in or nearby urban and urbanizing areas, the so-called urban forests. Although these forests have the potential for
significantly improving the quality the urban environment and the well-being of the urban population, data to quantify the
extent and characteristics of urban forests are still lacking or fragmentary on a large scale. In this regard, an expansion
of the domain of multipurpose forest inventories like National Forest Inventories (NFIs) towards urban forests would be required.
To this end, it would be convenient to exploit the same sampling scheme applied in NFIs to assess the basic features of urban
forests. This paper considers approximately unbiased estimators of abundance and coverage of urban forests, together with
estimators of the corresponding variances, which can be achieved from the first phase of most large-scale forest inventories.
A simulation study is carried out in order to check the performance of the considered estimators under various situations
involving the spatial distribution of the urban forests over the study area. An application is worked out on the data from
the Italian NFI. 相似文献
266.
Multivariate statistical techniques for the assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality of pasture ecosystems 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Majid Ajorlo Ramdzani B. Abdullah Mohd Kamil Yusoff Ridzwan Abd. Halim Ahmad Husni Mohd. Hanif Walter D. Willms Mahboubeh Ebrahimian 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(10):8649-8658
This study investigates the applicability of multivariate statistical techniques including cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), and factor analysis (FA) for the assessment of seasonal variations in the surface water quality of tropical pastures. The study was carried out in the TPU catchment, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The dataset consisted of 1-year monitoring of 14 parameters at six sampling sites. The CA yielded two groups of similarity between the sampling sites, i.e., less polluted (LP) and moderately polluted (MP) at temporal scale. Fecal coliform (FC), NO3, DO, and pH were significantly related to the stream grouping in the dry season, whereas NH3, BOD, Escherichia coli, and FC were significantly related to the stream grouping in the rainy season. The best predictors for distinguishing clusters in temporal scale were FC, NH3, and E. coli, respectively. FC, E. coli, and BOD with strong positive loadings were introduced as the first varifactors in the dry season which indicates the biological source of variability. EC with a strong positive loading and DO with a strong negative loading were introduced as the first varifactors in the rainy season, which represents the physiochemical source of variability. Multivariate statistical techniques were effective analytical techniques for classification and processing of large datasets of water quality and the identification of major sources of water pollution in tropical pastures. 相似文献
267.
Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) As Monitors for Mercury Contamination of Aquatic Environments
We assessed the distribution of mercury in snapping turtles(Chelydra serpentina) by analyzing front shoulder muscle,back leg muscle, tail muscle, blood, liver, and marginalcarapacial scute (shell) of 26 adult turtles from five smalllakes. Total mercury concentration in muscle ranged from 50 to500 ng g–1 wet weight and was highly correlated among the threetissue locations. There was no relationship between musclemercury concentration and body size. Mercury concentration inblood was similar to muscle; the correlation with muscle mercuryconcentration was significant but there was some variability. Mercury concentration in shell was much higher than in muscle orblood, ranging from 500 to 3300 ng g–1, and was highly correlatedwith muscle mercury concentration. Liver mercury concentrationwas similar to shell, but was highly variable and uncorrelatedwith any other tissue. We conclude that snapping turtlesaccumulate mercury from their environment and may be usefulmonitors of mercury contamination. 相似文献
268.
D'Alessandro W Bellomo S Parello F Brusca L Longo M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,145(1-3):303-313
Six hundred and sixty-seven water samples were collected from public drinking water supplies in Sicily and analysed for electric conductivity and for their Cl(-), Br(-) and F(-) contents. The samples were, as far as possible, collected evenly over the entire territory with an average sampling density of about one sample for every 7,600 inhabitants. The contents of Cl(-) and Br(-), ranging between 5.53 and 1,302 mg/l and between <0.025 and 4.76 mg/l respectively, correlated well with the electric conductivity, a parameter used as a proxy for water salinity. The highest values were found both along the NW and SE coasts, which we attributed to seawater contamination, and in the central part of Sicily, which we attributed to evaporitic rock dissolution. The fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.023 to 3.28 mg/l, while the highest values (only three exceeding the maximum admissible concentration of 1.5 mg/l) generally correlated either with the presence in the area of crystalline (volcanic or metamorphic) or evaporitic rocks or with contamination from hydrothermal activity. Apart from these limited cases of exceeding F(-) levels, the waters of public drinking water supplies in Sicily can be considered safe for human consumption for the analysed parameters. Some limited concern could arise from the intake of bromide-rich waters (about 3% exceeding 1 mg/l) because of the potential formation of dangerous disinfection by-products. 相似文献
269.
Walter A. Quebedeaux JR. 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):144-171
This study was undertaken to identify seasonal and source effects on the par-ticulate contaminants of the New York City atmosphere and ultimately to relate the concentrations of these contaminants to the tissue concentrations in residents of New York City. Continual weekly samples of particulates have been collected at three stations in the New York area on 8 by 10 in. glass fiber filters at a flow rate of 20 cfm. The sample is ashed with a Tracerlab Low Temperature Asher and leached with nitric acid. Metals analyzed by the Atomic Absorption method include Pb, V, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Lead-210, total particulate, and benzene and acetone soluble organic material are also determined. The data have been related to various meteorological parameters over a one year period to define significant seasonal and source influences, as well as site to site variations. Very significant inverse correlations to temperature are obtained for suspended particulates, vanadium, and nickel at both Manhattan and Bronx sites. Particulates show a less significant inverse correlation to temperature In lower Manhattan. Oil-fired space heating sources appear to account for as much as 50% of the particulates in the Bronx at the peak demand period. Lead, copper, and cadmium show a general inverse correlation to average wind speed, and a direct correlation to temperature. The latter is most likely due to an inverse relation between wind speed and temperature. The heating season input for particulates, vanadium, and nickel is so great as to overcome most of the dilution effect due to winds. The other elements having more constant nonseasonal inputs, definitely reflect the effects of the wind. The most significant site effect occurs with cadmium, which has a concentration in lower Manhattan three times that of the Bronx over a period of six to seven months in the summer and fall. The differences observed for cadmium and particulates may be explained by emission source factors which have not as yet been studied. 相似文献
270.
Walter S. Smith Jean J. Schueneman Louis D. Zeidberg M.D. 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):418-423
Extensive air pollution studies have been completed in Nashville. One part of the study involved collection of opinions from nearly 8000 people. Opinions were solicited relative to awareness and concern about possible adverse effects of air pollution on health, property, materials, and aesthetics. Responses of the interviewed people are related to several types of pollutant measurements. The results indicate widespread concern about air pollution, and the degree of concern is, in general, closely related to the degree of air contamination experienced by interviewed people. Methodology is discussed, data are analyzed statistically, and conclusions are presented. 相似文献