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661.
ESTROM—a Romanian–Swiss research programme 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hua L Wu W Liu Y McBride MB Chen Y 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(1):1-9
Background, aim, and scope Composting is an effective treatment process to realize sludge land application. However, nitrogen loss could result in the
reduction of nutrient value of the compost products and the stabilization effect of composting on heavy metal concentration
and mobility in sludge has been shown to be very limited.
Materials and methods Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of bamboo charcoal (BC) on nitrogen conservation
and mobility of Cu and Zn during sludge composting.
Results The result indicated that the incorporation of BC into the sludge composting material could significantly reduce nitrogen
loss. With 9% BC amendment, total nitrogen loss at the end of composting decreased 64.1% compared with no BC amendment (control
treatment). Mobility of Cu and Zn in the sludge may also have been lessened, based on the decline in diethylenetriaminepentaacetic
acid-extractable Cu and Zn contents of composted sludge by 44.4% and 19.3%, respectively, compared to metal extractability
in the original material.
Discussion Ammonia adsorption capability of BC might be the main reason for the retention of nitrogen in sludge composting materials.
Decrease of extractable Cu2+ and Zn2+ in the composting material mainly resulted from the adsorption of both metals by BC.
Conclusions Incorporation of BC into composting material could significantly lessen the total nitrogen loss during sludge composting.
Mobility of heavy metals in the sludge composting material could also be reduced by the addition of BC.
Recommendations and perspectives Bamboo charcoal could be an effective amendment for nitrogen conservation and heavy metal stabilization in sludge composts.
Further research into the effect of BC-amended sludge compost material on soil properties, bioavailability of heavy metals,
and nutrient turnover in soil needs to be carried out prior to the application of BC-sludge compost in agriculture. 相似文献
662.
663.
Social vulnerability and the natural and built environment: a model of flood casualties in Texas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Studies on the impacts of hurricanes, tropical storms, and tornados indicate that poor communities of colour suffer disproportionately in human death and injury.(2) Few quantitative studies have been conducted on the degree to which flood events affect socially vulnerable populations. We address this research void by analysing 832 countywide flood events in Texas from 1997-2001. Specifically, we examine whether geographic localities characterised by high percentages of socially vulnerable populations experience significantly more casualties due to flood events, adjusting for characteristics of the natural and built environment. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models indicate that the odds of a flood casualty increase with the level of precipitation on the day of a flood event, flood duration, property damage caused by the flood, population density, and the presence of socially vulnerable populations. Odds decrease with the number of dams, the level of precipitation on the day before a recorded flood event, and the extent to which localities have enacted flood mitigation strategies. The study concludes with comments on hazard-resilient communities and protection of casualty-prone populations. 相似文献
664.
Walter G. Whitford Justin Van Zee Maliha S. Nash Walter E. Smith Jeffery E. Herrick 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,54(2):143-171
The relative abundance of ant species was measured by pit-fall trapping at 44 sites in southern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona, U.S.A.. Sites were selected for study based on documentation of a history of disturbance or protection from disturbance, exposure to varying intensities of livestock grazing, dominance by an exotic species of plant and vegetation change resulting from disturbance or restoration efforts. Ant community composition, relative abundances of species, and species richness were the same on disturbed and undisturbed sites. None of the metrics based on hypothesized responses of ants to disturbance clearly distinguished between disturbed and undisturbed sites. Ant communities on sites where restoration efforts have resulted in distinct differences in vegetative cover and composition were similar to the ant communities on degraded unrehabilitated sites on the same soil type. Ant communities in riparian cottonwood gallery forests in Arizona and New Mexico were similar but differed from the assemblages in exotic salt cedar and native ash riparian woodlands. Ant species exhibited remarkable resistance to human-induced disturbances in these rangeland areas. In grasslands dominated by the South African grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees, large seed harvesting ants, Pogonomyrmex spp., were greatly reduced in abundance compared to native grasslands. Other ant metrics were not different in E. lehmanniana grasslands and native grasslands. We conclude that ants cannot be used as indicators of exposure to stress, ecosystem health or of rehabilitation success on rangeland ecosystems. Ants are also not useful indicators of faunal biodiversity in rangeland ecosystems. 相似文献
665.
The knowledge about background levels of heavy metals in soils is essential for the use of the precautionary values for heavy metals as provided by the German Soil-Protection-Act. In the northeast of Bavaria the 90th percentiles in the back-ground levels of heavy metals in the soil exceed the precautionary values in many cases. Background levels were determined separately for soils of different parent materials of rocks, soil horizons and land use (agricultural or forest soils), with the parent material of rock having the strongest influence on the content of heavy metals in different soils. Precautionary values are highly exceeded by chrome and nickel in basic and ultrabasic rocks. High variability of heavy metal contents was found even in soils of the same parent material (C-horizons), which is due to the natural geochemical variability of rocks and the mixing of different parent materials during the Pleistocene. For an effective use of the German Soil-Protection-Order, areas must be defined where the probability is high that the 90th percentiles of the background levels of heavy metals exceed the precautionary values. It has to be determined, how the risk of mobilisation of heavy metals can be estimated within these areas and what has to be done if heavy metal contents in soils exceed not only the precautionary values but also the background levels. 相似文献
666.
Spatial Autocorrelation in California Land Birds 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Walter D. Koenig 《Conservation biology》1998,12(3):612-620
667.
Konstantin Terytze Nicola Bäulke Walter Böhmer Josef Müller 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1998,10(6):326-332
To work out background values, the information of concentration profiles of PAHs in soils of uncontaminated territories is indispensable. This investigation shows PAH concentrations of different soil samples like agricultural soils, grassland, forest and litter from the biosphere reserve in Spreewald, Germany. The mean values of the soil samples are about 460 μg Σ-PAK/kg d.m. A top value of 7.2 mg Σ-PAK/kg d.m. shows a sample of a flooded grassland area. The relation of the concentrations in the litter, forest, grassland and agricultural soil samples is about 5∶3∶2∶1. Compared to the other samples, the litter samples contain a higher amount of low molecular PAHs. Increasing distance to the former power plants Lübbenau and Vetschau (brown coal) lead to decreasing PAH contents in the soil samples of forests from 2190.9 after 4 km to 294.8 Σ-PAK/kg d.m. after 16 km. In comparison to results obtained in Nordrhein-Westfalen and Bayern, the PAH measurements indicate Spreewald to be an uncontaminated and rural area. 相似文献
668.
Braun S Schindler C Rihm B Flückiger W 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,146(3):624-628
Epidemiological analysis of sequential growth data may be a tool in assessing ozone sensitivity of mature trees. Annual shoot growth of mature Fagus sylvatica in 83 Swiss permanent forest observation plots and of Picea abies in 61 plots was evaluated for 11 and 8 consecutive years, respectively, using branches harvested every 4 years. The data were assessed as annual deviation from average growth and related to fructification, ozone, meteorological parameters, and modelled soil water content using a mixed linear model. In beech, a significant association between ozone and shoot growth was observed which corresponded to a 7.4% growth reduction between 0 and 10 ppm h AOT40 (accumulated ozone over threshold 40). This is in the same order of magnitude as the response observed in experiments with seedlings. No interaction was found between ozone and drought parameters. In Norway spruce, shoot growth was neither associated with ozone nor with drought. 相似文献
669.
Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in brown trout bile and liver from Swiss rivers
Hartmann PC Burkhardt-Holm P Giger W 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,146(1):107-113
The ranges of total polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish from four Swiss rivers were 0.8-240 ng/g in the bile and 16-7400 ng/g lipid in the liver. PBDE concentrations varied within each river and among the various rivers. Female fish tended to have higher concentrations in the liver, while the male fish had higher concentrations in the bile. From the resulting PBDE concentrations in fish it could not be infered that these contaminants contribute to the causes of the observed fish catch decline in Swiss rivers. 相似文献
670.
Lammel G Klöpffer W Semeena VS Schmidt E Leip A 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(3):153-165
Background, Aim and Scope Modelling of the fate of environmental chemicals can be done by relatively simple multi-media box models or using complex
atmospheric transport models. It was the aim of this work to compare the results obtained for both types of models using a
small set of non-ionic and non-polar or moderately polar organic chemicals, known to be distributed over long distances.
Materials and Methods Predictions of multimedia exposure models of different types, namely three multimedia mass-balance box models (MBMs), two
in the steady state and one in the non-steady state mode, and one non-steady state multicompartment chemistry-atmospheric
transport model (MCTM), are compared for the first time. The models used are SimpleBox, Chemrange, the MPI-MBM and the MPI-MCTM.
The target parameters addressed are compartmental distributions (i.e. mass fractions in the compartments), overall environmental
residence time (i.e. overall persistence and eventually including other final sinks, such as loss to the deep sea) and a measure
for the long-range transport potential. These are derived for atrazine, benz-[a]-pyrene, DDT, α and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane,
methyl parathion and various modes of substance entry into the model world.
Results and Discussion Compartmental distributions in steady state were compared. Steady state needed 2–10 years to be established in the MCTM. The
highest fraction of the substances in air is predicted by the MCTM. Accordingly, the other models predict longer substance
persistence in most cases. The results suggest that temperature affects the compartmental distribution more in the box models,
while it is only one among many climate factors acting in the transport model. The representation of final sinks in the models,
e.g. burial in the sediment, is key for model-based compartmental distribution and persistence predictions. There is a tendency
of MBMs to overestimate substance sinks in air and to underestimate atmospheric transport velocity as a consequence of the
neglection of the temporal and spatial variabilities of these parameters. Therefore, the long-range transport potential in
air derived from MCTM simulations exceeds the one from Chemrange in most cases and least for substances which undergo slow
degradation in air.
Conclusions and Perspectives MBMs should be improved such as to ascertain that the significance of the atmosphere for the multicompartmental cycling is
not systematically underestimated. Both types of models should be improved such as to cover degradation in air in the particle-bound
state and transport via ocean currents. A detailed understanding of the deviations observed in this work and elsewhere should
be gained and multimedia fate box models could then be ‘tuned in’ to match better the results of comprehensive multicompartmental
transport models.
ESS-Submission Editor: Prof. Dr. Michael Matthies (matthies@uos.de) 相似文献