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761.
Determination of benzotriazoles in dishwasher tabs from Germany and estimation of the discharge into German waters 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Walter Vetter Joachim Lorenz 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(7):4435-4440
A method was developed for the determination of benzotriazoles (BTs) in dishwasher tabs. BTs consist of 1H-benzotriazole and/or tolyltriazole, i.e., a technical mixture of the two isomers 4-methylbenzotriazole and 5-methylbenzotriazole (5-MBT). The method consisted of weighing of an aliquot of the tab, addition of the internal standard 5-MBT, precipitation of the soaps with CaCl2 and KOH, derivatization of the filtrate with acetic acid anhydride in a two-phase system, and analysis of the organic toluene layer by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. Eleven of 12 different dishwasher tabs from the German market were tested positive with BTs ranging from 2 to 66 mg/tab. Dishwashing experiments were performed to show that at least 99 % of the BT amount used in the dishwasher did not remain on the dishes but was released into the wastewater treatment system. The annual release of BTs into the water system was estimated to be ~80 tons. Since 70 % or less of the BTs can be degraded in wastewater treatment plants, at least 24 tons are annually released into rivers in Germany. 相似文献
762.
763.
Walter F. Mcmichael John E. Sigsby Jr. 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):474-477
Randomly selected passenger automobiles were driven over a 7.5-mile composite route in Cincinnati, Ohio. Samples of the exhaust gases were collected from each car by means of a proportional sampler and analyzed for gross hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. In addition, detailed analysis of the hydrocarbons was made. This included parafins, 1 through 8 carbon, olefins, 2 through 6 carbon, and aromatics, 6 through 10 carbon. This paper compares the differences in these emissions immediately after starting with “cold” engines as opposed to emissions from cars started with engines already warmed up or “hot.” This determination was made under both cold and warm weather conditions. A comparison is also made in air pollutants emitted from cars driven under the summer as opposed to the winter conditions normally encountered in Cincinnati, Ohio. 相似文献
764.
765.
Walter F. McMichael Ronald E. Kruse Donald M. Hill 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):246-248
Road tests have been carried out in five different cities with a fleet of 300 passenger cars consisting of three different makes, half of which are equipped with the 1966 exhaust control devices required by the state of California. The performance of these devices during the first series of tests has been evaluated. All three makes of device-equipped cars produced significantly lower emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide than did similar cars tested in 1962 and 1963. There were no consistent differences among the three makes of cars with respect to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. 相似文献
766.
Ralph I. Larsen Walter W. Heck 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):325-333
Acute leaf injury data are analyzed for 19 plant species exposed to ozone or sulfur dioxide. The data can be depicted by a new leaf injury mathematical model with two characteristics: (1) a constant percentage of leaf surface is injured by an air pollutant concentration that is inversely proportional to exposure duration raised to an exponent; (2) for a given exposure duration, the percent leaf injury as a function of pollutant concentration tends to fit a lognormal frequency distribution. Leaf injury as a function of laboratory exposure duration is modeled and compared with ambient air pollutant concentration measurements for various averaging times to determine which exposure durations are probably most important for setting ambient air quality standards to prevent or reduce visible leaf injury. The 8 hour average appears to be most important for most of the plants investigated for most sites, 1 hr concentrations are important for most plants at a few sites, and 3 hr S02 concentrations are important for some plants, especially those exposed to isolated point sources of the pollutant. The 1, 3, and 8 hr threshold injury concentrations are listed for each of the 19 plant species studied. To prevent or reduce acute leaf injury, fixed, nonoverlapping ambient air quality measurements and standards are recommended for averaging times of 1, 3, and 8hr. 相似文献
767.
Ralph I. Larsen Walter W. Heck 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1023-1034
A plant injury mathematical model, applied previously to acute and chronic leaf injury data, is used here to model National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) data for 15 cultivars and to calculate species parameters from the cultivar analyses. Percent crop yield reduction is estimated as a function of a new parameter, the effective mean O3 concentration: me = [(Σ ch ?1/v)/n]?v, where ch is the hourly average ambient O3 concentration for each daytime hour (defined here as 9:00 A.M.–4:00 P.M., always standard time) of data available at an air sampling site for summer (defined here as June 1–August 31), n is the total number of such available hours, and v is an exposure time-concentration parameter, calculated here to be approximately –0.376. Crop yield reduction for soybean is calculated here as z = 0.478 In (tme 2-66) – 0.42, where z is the Gaussian transform of percent crop reduction, t is the hours of exposure (525 h is used here; 7 h/day for 75 days), and In indicates that the natural logarithm is taken of the quantity within parentheses. Crop yield reductions for seven plant species are estimated with similar equations for each of the 1824 site-years of 1981–1983 hourly O3 concentration data available in the National Aerometric Data Bank (NADB). County-average effective mean O3 concentrations are indicated by shading on a U.S. map. State-average O3 parameters and estimated percent crop yield reductions are tabulated. The National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for O3 specifies that, on the average, the second highest daily maximum 1-h average O3 concentration in a year shall not exceed 0.12 ppm. For years 1981-1983,71% of the NADB sites recorded annual second highest daily maximum 1-h average O3 concentrations below 0.125 ppm (for summer daytime hours). Ambient O3 concentrations reduced the total U.S. crop yield an estimated 5% for years 1981–1983. (Summer, daytime, and all acronyms are always used herein as defined above.) 相似文献
768.
Ralph I. Larsen Thomas R. McCurdy Pamela M. Johnson Walter W. Heck 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1497-1503
Soybean percent crop reduction was estimated as a function of ambient O3 concentrations for each of 80 agricultural sites in the National Aerometric Data Bank (NADB) for each available year of data for years 1981-1985. Fourteen O3 concentration statistics were calculated for each of the resulting 320 site-years of data. The two statistics that correlated best with estimated crop reduction were an effective mean O3 concentration (1 percent of variance unexplained) and an arithmetic mean O3 concentration (4 percent unexplained). The worst correlation of the 14 was for the statistic used in the present O3 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), the second highest daily maximum 1-h O3 concentration (42 percent unexplained). The number of site-years for estimated percent soybean yield reductions was plotted versus increasing O3 concentrations for each of the 14 O3 statistics. A maximum crop reduction line was drawn on each plot. These lines were used to estimate (and list) potential ambient O3 standards for each of the 14 statistics that would limit soybean crop reduction at agricultural. NADB sites to 5, 10, 15, or 20 percent. 相似文献
769.
Debra L. Bisson Danny R. Jackson Kenneth R. Williams Walter E. Grube 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1348-1354
WILT, ANS 16.1 and TCLP leach tests were performed on solidified/stabilized (s/s) wastes treated by Soliditech, Inc. of Houston, Texas as part of a U.S. EPA SITE demonstration project conducted in December 1988 at the Imperial Oil Company/ Champion Chemical Company Superfund site in Morganville, New Jersey. All three leaching tests performed on the s/s wastes indicated that the primary contaminants of concern (lead and PCBs) were not leachable. The ANS 16.1 static leach test for the s/s wastes provided diffusion coefficients (De) for Al, Ca, and Na that were comparable to those obtained from the WILT test. However, plots of the ANS 16.1 data indicated that wetting of the samples confounded the static leaching process. The large column WILT De was used to estimate that less than 0.8 μg/cm2 lead would leach from a one-cubic yard block of s/s waste in contact with groundwater over a 60-month leaching period. This corresponds to concentrations less than 10 μg/L lead in the water contacting the block of s/s waste. 相似文献
770.
Environmental Management - Cattle degrade streams by increasing sediment, nutrient, and fecal bacteria levels. Riparian fencing is one best management practice that may protect water quality within... 相似文献