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排序方式: 共有878条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Walter Sancassiani 《Local Environment》2005,10(2):189-200
Based on the findings of the 2004 national survey of Italian Local Agenda 21s (LA21s) involving 535 local authorities, this viewpoint outlines the progress achieved in Italy, and describes the strengths and weaknesses of the Italian LA21 processes. At the time of writing, there were more than 160 Local Forums facilitating participation with a range of different stakeholders groups, 100 Action Plans had been produced, and 1300 projects had already been implemented for local sustainability. The findings from the survey indicate that Italian local authorities are starting to develop effective frameworks for enhancing local sustainability policies, capacity building within local communities, and improving innovation in local government and decision-making processes. 相似文献
22.
Simple models for phosphorus loss from manure during rainfall 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mechanistic, predictive equations for phosphorus (P) transport in runoff from manure-applied fields constitute a critical knowledge gap for developing nonpoint-source pollution models. We derived two simple equations to describe the P release from animal manure during a rainfall event-one based on first-order P desorption kinetics and one based on second-order kinetics. The manure characteristics needed in the two kinetic equations are the maximum amount of water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) and a characteristic desorption time. Water-extractable P can be measured directly but currently the characteristic time can only be obtained by fitting experimental data. In addition, we evaluated two models usually used to estimate P loss from soil, the Elovitch equation and power function, both of which relate P loss to time. The models were tested against previously published data of P release from different manures under laboratory conditions. All equations fit the data well. Of the two kinetic equations, the second-order model showed better agreement with the data than the first-order model; for example, maximum relative differences between the model results and measured data were 2.6 and 4.7%, respectively. The characteristic times varied between 20 min for dairy manure and almost 100 min for poultry manure. The characteristic time did not appear to change with flow rate but decreased with smaller manure aggregates. The parameters for power-function relationships could not be related to measured manure characteristics. These results provide the first step to process-based approximations for predicting P release from manure with time during rainfall shortly after land application, when P losses are the greatest. 相似文献
23.
Walter D��Alessandro Sergio Bellomo Pietro Bonfanti Lorenzo Brusca Manfredi Longo 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,173(1-4):431-446
In this paper, in an attempt to reveal possible changes connected to natural or anthropogenic causes, the main results of hydrogeochemical monitoring carried out at Mount Etna are evaluated. We report on the salinity contents of the groundwaters that flow in fractured volcanics, which make up the flanks of the volcano. These waters, analyzed for major ion chemistry, were sampled regularly from 1994 to 2004. Basing on nonparametric Sen??s slope estimator, time series of groundwater composition reveal that the salinity of most of the Etnean aquifers increased by 0.5% to 3.5% each year during this period. This change in the water chemistry is clearly referable to the overexploitation of the aquifers. This increasing trend needs to be inverted urgently; otherwise, it will cause a shortage of water in the near future, because the maximum admissible concentration of salinity for drinking water will be exceeded. 相似文献
24.
Brominated organic pollutants were found in selected samples of mollusk tissue, fish liver, as well as in the eggs and livers of shag from three sites in Central Norway. More than 80 organobromines were identified owing to the defined isotope ratio acquired by GC/ECNI-MS. However, only a few peaks could be assigned to anthropogenic brominated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers). Most of the organobromine compounds detected were unknown or halogenated natural products. The known halogenated natural products MHC-1 and TBA were abundant in all samples and usually between equally abundant, and up to 50 fold more concentrated than the major polybrominated diphenyl ether congener BDE 47. The halogenated natural products BC-2 (2-MeO-BDE 68) and BC-3 (6'-MeO-BDE 47), were on level with BDE 100 which was the second most abundant BDE congener in many samples. The previously identified natural polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives (PBHDs) were detected for the first time in bird eggs. Being major contaminants in bird eggs, PBHDs were only present at low levels in bird liver from nestlings originating from the same clutch. Such differences were detected for several other major contaminants. One unknown tetrabromo compound particularly abundant in mussels from Munkholmen was studied by GC/MS and the molecular ion was detected at m/z 446. The abundance of the most important unknown compounds did not correlate with BDEs and they most likely represent halogenated natural products. This study supports that halogenated natural products have to be treated as serious contaminants of marine coastal waters. Our data suggest that their abundance is highest in habitats along the shoreline. Thorough examination of these compounds in environmental samples is an important task. 相似文献
25.
Muhammad Mehedi Masud Md. Saifur Rahman Abul Quasem Al-Amin Fatimah Kari Walter Leal Filho 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(4):431-444
This paper examines the possible impact of climate change on Malaysian rice production. Using the Ricardian Method and farm household data, we have examined the effects on rice producers focusing on sharecropper adaptations and ecological causes. The principle goal of this research paper is to investigate the impact of climate variables such as temperature, rainfall and precipitation on rice production during main and off seasons, in Kedah, Malaysia. The main purpose of this paper is to examine how climate change affects the net income of paddy farmers in the study area. The statistically significant results show that temperature, rainfall, farm size, educational knowledge, land area and value of labour input have an impact on rice production per hectare revealing potential impacts of climate vulnerability on Malaysian agriculture. The results showed that net revenue increased by Ringgit Malaysia (RM 1= $0.3277) 4.78 per hectare throughout the main seasons as a result of minimal increase in the temperature while there is a decrease of RM 3.02 in the net revenue per hectare during off seasons. During the off season, rainfall increased revenue per hectare by RM 1.32 and during the main season it reduced revenue per hectare by RM 1.01. The evidence from this study may be useful for Malaysian policymakers to facilitate greater preventive measures during the main and off-seasons to counteract climate uncertainty and vulnerability. 相似文献
26.
Lindberg AL Goessler W Gurzau E Koppova K Rudnai P Kumar R Fletcher T Leonardi G Slotova K Gheorghiu E Vahter M 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2006,8(1):203-208
Inorganic arsenic is a potent human carcinogen and toxicant which people are exposed to mainly via drinking water and food. The objective of the present study was to assess current exposure to arsenic via drinking water in three European countries. For this purpose, 520 individuals from four Hungarian, two Slovakian and two Romanian countries were investigated by measuring inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic metabolites in urine by high performance liquid chromatography with hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Arsenic in drinking water was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Significantly higher concentrations of arsenic were found in both the water and the urine samples from the Hungarian counties (median: 11 and 15 microg dm(-3), respectively; p < 0.001) than from the Slovakian (median: 0.94 and 4.5 microg dm(-3), respectively) and Romanian (median: 0.70 and 2.1 microg dm(-3), respectively) counties. A significant correlation was seen between arsenic in water and arsenic in urine (R(2)= 0.46). At low water arsenic concentrations, the relative amount of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in urine was increased, indicating exposure via food. Also, high body mass index was associated with higher concentrations of arsenic in urine (p= 0.03), mostly in the form of DMA. Smokers had significantly higher urinary arsenic concentrations than non-smokers (p= 0.03). In conclusion, elevated arsenic exposure via drinking water was prevalent in some of the counties. Exposure to arsenic from food, mainly as DMA, and cigarette smoke, mainly as inorganic arsenic, are major determinants of arsenic exposure at very low concentrations of arsenic in drinking water. 相似文献
27.
Controls on Nutrients Across a Prairie Stream Watershed: Land Use and Riparian Cover Effects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nutrient inputs generally are increased by human-induced land use changes and can lead to eutrophication and impairment of
surface waters. Understanding the scale at which land use influences nutrient loading is necessary for the development of
management practices and policies that improve water quality. The authors assessed the relationships between land use and
stream nutrients in a prairie watershed dominated by intermittent stream flow in the first-order higher elevation reaches.
Total nitrogen, nitrate, and phosphorus concentrations were greater in tributaries occupying the lower portions of the watershed,
closely mirroring the increased density of row crop agriculture from headwaters to lower-elevation alluvial areas. Land cover
classified at three spatial scales in each sub-basin above sampling sites (riparian in the entire catchment, catchment land
cover, and riparian across the 2 km upstream) was highly correlated with variation in both total nitrogen (r2 = 53%, 52%, and 49%, respectively) and nitrate (r2 = 69%, 65%, and 56%, respectively) concentrations among sites. However, phosphorus concentrations were not significantly
associated with riparian or catchment land cover classes at any spatial scale. Separating land use from riparian cover in
the entire watershed was difficult, but riparian cover was most closely correlated with in-stream nutrient concentrations.
By controlling for land cover, a significant correlation of riparian cover for the 2 km above the sampling site with in-stream
nutrient concentrations could be established. Surprisingly, land use in the entire watershed, including small intermittent
streams, had a large influence on average downstream water quality although the headwater streams were not flowing for a substantial
portion of the year. This suggests that nutrient criteria may not be met only by managing permanently flowing streams. 相似文献
28.
29.
Biomagnification of anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in a marine food web from Sydney Harbour, Australia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sara Losada Anthony Roach Laurence Roosens Francisco Javier Santos Maria Teresa Galceran Walter Vetter Hugo Neels Adrian Covaci 《Environment international》2009,35(8):1142-1149
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds, such as methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), have been scarcely studied in the Southern Hemisphere. Yet, sources of the latter group of compounds were found in Southern regions, specifically in Australia. The environmental distribution and biomagnification potential of organobrominated compounds were therefore investigated in a representative aquatic food chain (invertebrates and fish) from the Sydney Harbour, Australia. Mean PBDE concentrations ranged from 6.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in squid to 115 ng/g lw in flounder. BDE 47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDE 100. Mean levels of MeO-PBDEs (sum of congeners 2’-MeO-BDE 68 and 6-MeO-BDE 47) were as high as 110 ng/g lw in tailor, with a slight dominance of 2’-MeO-BDE 68. Polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivates (PBHDs), another class of naturally-produced compounds, were found at variable concentrations and ranged from 4.7 ng/g lw in fanbelly and 146 ng/g lw in tailor. The tribrominated PBHD isomer dominated in the samples, except for luderick and squid. The lower levels of PBDEs found in luderick from the harbour compared to those obtained from the upper Parramatta River indicated a terrestrial (anthropogenic) origin of PBDEs, while the higher levels of MeO-PBDEs and PBHDs in the samples from the harbour confirmed the marine (natural) origin of these compounds. The highest trophic magnification factor (TMF) was found for sum PBDEs (3.9), while TMFs for sum MeO-PBDEs and sum PBHDs were 2.9 and 3.4, respectively. This suggests that biomagnification occurs in the studied aquatic food chain for anthropogenic brominated compounds, but also for the naturally-produced organobromines. 相似文献
30.