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51.
Till Sterzel Matthias Lüdeke Marcel Kok Carsten Walther Diana Sietz Indra de Soysa Paul Lucas Peter Janssen 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(4):1419-1435
Motivated by an inconclusive debate over implications of resource scarcity for violent conflict, and common reliance on national data and linear models, we investigate the relationship between socio-ecological vulnerability and armed conflict in global drylands on a subnational level. Our study emanates from a global typology of smallholder farmers’ vulnerability to environmental and socioeconomic stresses in drylands. This typology is composed of eight typical value combinations of variables indicating environmental scarcities, resource overuse, and poverty-related factors in a widely subnational spatial resolution. We investigate the relationships between the spatial distribution of these combinations, or vulnerability profiles, and geocoded armed conflicts, and find that conflicts are heterogeneously distributed according to these profiles. Four profiles distributed across low- and middle-income countries comprise all drylands conflicts. Comparing models for conflict incidence using logit regression and receiver operator characteristic analysis based on (1) the set of all seven indicators as independent variables and (2) a single, only vulnerability profile-based variable proves that the nonlinear typology-based variable is the better explanans for conflict incidence. Inspection of the profiles’ value combinations makes this understandable: A systematic explanation of conflict incidence and absence across all degrees of natural resource endowments is only reached through varying importance of poverty and resource overuse depending on the level of endowment. These are nonlinear interactions between the explaining variables. Conflict does not generally increase with resource scarcity or overuse. Comparison with conflict case studies showed both good agreement with our results and promise in expanding the set of indicators. Based on our findings and supporting literature, we argue that part of the debate over implications of resource scarcity for violent conflict in drylands may be resolved by acknowledging and accounting for nonlinear processes. 相似文献
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Queiruga D Walther G González-Benito J Spengler T 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2008,28(1):181-190
As a consequence of new European legal regulations for treatment of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), recycling plants have to be installed in Spain. In this context, this contribution describes a method for ranking of Spanish municipalities according to their appropriateness for the installation of these plants. In order to rank the alternatives, the discrete multi-criteria decision method PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organisation METHod for Enrichment Evaluations), combined with a surveys of experts, is applied. As existing plants are located in North and East Spain, a significant concentration of top ranking municipalities can be observed in South and Central Spain. The method does not present an optimal structure of the future recycling system, but provides a selection of good alternatives for potential locations of recycling plants. 相似文献
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Jurado Anna Pujades Estanislao Walther Marc Diaz-Cruz M. Silvia 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2022,20(5):3313-3333
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Groundwater is the main source of freshwater in the European Union, yet freshwaters are polluted by organic contaminants if contaminants are not efficiently... 相似文献
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Dr Ingo Kennerknecht Sabine Krämer Dieter Grab Rainer Terinde Walther Vogel 《黑龙江环境通报》1993,13(4):257-269
Data in the literature suggest that confined placental mosaicism might be associated with intrauterine growth retardation. However, this association may be coincidental and due to bias of ascertainment. We therefore started a prospective study based on the cytogenetic evaluation of placentae derived from growth-retarded newborns. We further minimized possible bias by excluding those small-for-date infants displaying findings which already could explain intrauterine growth retardation (mothers who are smokers, multiple pregnancies, gestosis, dysmorphic infants). In a collection of 71 small-for-gestational age newborns, we did not see a single case of true confined placental mosaicism. 相似文献
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M. v. Rohr Ewald Werner Mecklenburg O. Sackur G. Berndt Walther May 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1913,1(17):407-413