环境规划实施效果评估方法比较研究

科学合理的评估方法体系对于环境规划的实施绩效起着不可替代的作用。为更有效地开展环境规划实施效果的评估,总结国内外关于环境规划实施效果的评估方法,重点概述了对比分析、逻辑框架、环境经济预测分析、环境绩效评估等评估方法。并对这几类方法进行了对比分析,剖析各方法应用的区域范围、评估的步骤、优点和局限性及评估重点等,总结出建立有效的环境规划实施效果评估方法体系,需要综合各种方法,并就具体的环境规划而言,选择合适方法,综合运用,为环境规划实施效果评估的深入开展和具体实施提供理论依据。     

新丰江水库欧洲鳗网箱养殖对水质的影响

网箱养殖欧洲鳗使养殖区其周围水体中ＣＯＤ、总氮、总磷等污染物浓度明显升高，尤其大肠杆菌指标不能满足渔业水质标准，富营养化状态这中营养化水平。网箱养鳗过程输入氮的６１．０％，磷的７７．４％都积留于库内，造成局部水域氮磷负荷已明显高于可接受负荷荷甚至拉近危险负荷。     

挥发性氯代烃在湿润土壤中的平衡吸附研究

吸附是挥发性氯代烃(volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons,VCHs)赋存于土壤的主要机制之一.开展动态吸附实验,研究了4种常见VCHs污染物在我国8种典型土壤中的吸附平衡关系.结果表明,土壤在干燥条件下对VCHs气体的吸附能力要远大于湿润条件,且随含水率的升高吸附能力急剧下降,在含水率达到10%以后土壤吸附量趋于稳定.湿润土壤对三氯乙烯(TCE)、四氯乙烯(PCE)、1,1,1-三氯乙烷(MC)气体的吸附等温线符合Henry型吸附等温式,而1,1,2-三氯乙烷(1,1,2-TCA)符合Freundlich模型.VCHs在湿润土壤中的吸附量总体上与土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)含量呈正相关,且受SOC类型和化合物极性影响较大.弱极性的TCE、PCE在土壤中的吸附能力与SOC含量呈严格正相关,而极性的MC、1,1,2-TCA在黑土等高碳土壤中不仅与SOC含量有关,还受到SOC物质组成的影响.建立了TCE和PCE在湿润土壤中的平衡吸附量预测模型,预测值与实测值相关性良好(n=80,R2=0.98).     

Effect of nutrient level on phytoplankton community structure in different water bodies

Increasing levels of pollution within water bodies can cause eutrophication and an associated rapid growth in and reproduction of phytoplankton. Although most frequently occurring in bodies of water such as lakes and dams, in recent years an increasing number of river systems in China have suffered serious algal blooms. The community structure of phytoplankton may differ, however, dependent on the hydrodynamic conditions and nutrient levels within the water body. The field investigation results obtained from a stagnant river in Suzhou City and Taihu Lake, China, showed that in water with higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, Chlorophyta became the predominant species and in water with lower concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, Cyanobacteria became the predominant species. Growth experiments with competitive species, Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz and Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.), were conducted at three different nutrient levels. The biomass of algae in pure and mixed cultures was measured under conditions of different N/P ratios at oligotrophic, eutrophic and hypertrophic nutrient levels. The results indicated that the most suitable state for the growth and reproduction of M. aeruginosa and S. quadricauda were eutrophic conditions in both pure and mixed cultures. Under competition, however, the lower medium nutrient levels favoured M. aeruginosa, while the higher medium nutrient levels better suited S. quadricauda. Under similar hydrodynamic conditions, the community structure of phytoplankton in the water body was determined by the dominant species in competition for nutrients.     

Pb(Ⅱ) biosorption using chitosan and chitosan derivatives beads: Equilibrium, ion exchange and mechamsm studies

The study examined the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads.Several important parameters influencing the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage and different initial concentration of Pb(Ⅱ) ions were evaluated. The mechanism involved during the adsorption process was explored based on ion exchange study and using spectroscopic techniques. The adsorption capacities obtained based on non-linear Langmuir isotherm for chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads in single metal system were 34.98, 14.24 and 60.27 mg/g, respectively. However,the adsorption capacity of Pb(Ⅱ) ions were reduced in the binary metal system due to the competitive adsorption between Pb(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅱ) ions. Based on the ion exchange study, the release of Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), K~+ and Na~+ ions played an important role in the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions by all three adsorbents but only at lower concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ) ions. Infrared spectra showed that the binding between Pb(Ⅱ) ions and the adsorbents involved mostly the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. All three adsorbents showed satisfactory adsorption capacities and can be considered as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions.     

Cadmium accumulation and tolerance of two castor cultivars in relation to antioxidant systems

To investigate the effects of Cd on tolerance and antioxidant activities of castor, two different castor（Ricinus communis L.） cultivars（Zibo No. 5 and Zibo No. 8） were used for a hydroponic experiment（0, 1 and 2 mg/L Cd） and a pot experiment using Cd-contaminated soil（34 mg/kg） with the addition of ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid（EDTA）. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the two cultivars with respect to Cd uptake in shoots（113–248 mg/kg for Zibo No. 5 and 130–288 mg/kg Zibo No. 8）, biomass tolerance indexes（64.9%–74.6% for Zibo No. 5 and 80.1%–90.9% for Zibo No. 8） in the hydroponic experiment and survival rates（0% for Zibo No. 5 and 100% for Zibo No. 8）determined by the addition of EDTA in the pot experiment, suggesting that Zibo No. 8 has higher tolerance than Zibo No. 5. Moreover, the castor cultivars have low bioconcentration factors（4.80% for Zibo No. 5 and 5.43% for Zibo No. 8） and low translocation factors（〈1%）.Consequently, Zibo No. 8 can participate in Cd phytostabilization in highly Cd-polluted areas. The results indicated that glutathione（GSH） as a non-enzymatic antioxidant, and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT） and guaiacol peroxidase（GPX）, were cultivar- and dose-dependent. The higher tolerance of Zibo No. 8compared with Zibo No. 5 can be attributed to the higher GSH levels in the root and higher GPX activity in the leaf.     

环境污染条件下生物体内DNA损伤的生物标记物研究进展

在正常条件下生物体内的基因组是稳定的;但在环境污染条件下,其DNA容易遭受伤害,主要损伤形式为:碱基改变、脱碱基位点、碱基错配、插入或缺失片段、嘧啶联合、DNA加合物、DNA链断裂、甲基化损伤、DNA链内和链间交联等. 这些受损的DNA对生物细胞产生遗传毒性或细胞毒性. 利用生物标记物进行DNA损伤的检测和定量分析是可行的方法. 本文重点介绍了一些典型的DNA损伤(如DNA加合物、断裂、DNA序列改变等)的生物标记物及其检测方法;认为这些生物标记物在环境污染物的早期诊断和评价方面具有广阔的应用前景. 参32     

两种复合人工湿地系统对东莞运河污水的净化效果

复合人工湿地系统是将不同类型的人工湿地相组合,充分发挥各类型湿地特长,实现优势瓦补的一种更有效的污水净化系统.研究采用复合垂直流-水平潜流人工湿地和复合垂直下行流人工湿地两种复合人工湿地系统对东莞运河的河道污水进行处理,分别监测了两套不同复合人工湿地系统第一、二级湿地单元的出水情况,研究了不同时间段和一定的水力负荷下复合人工湿地系统对河道污水的净化效果.结果表明,两种复合人工湿地系统的二级湿地单元出水各指标明显优于一级湿地单元,复合垂直流-水平潜流湿地对东莞运河污水COD、BOD_5和TP的平均去除率分别达到70.52%、69.21%和55.56%;复合垂直下行流湿地系统对TP的净化尤其突出,平均去除率达到72.62%,二级出水的质量浓度在0.10～0.60 mg·L~(-1)之间,对COD和BOD_5的平均去除率分别为64.74%和60.63%.两种复合系统的出水浓度均达到<城市污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)中的一级标准.由此可见,两种复合人工湿地系统对各污染物去除效果明显优于单一的湿地系统,且更具稳定性和耐冲击能力.     

六溴环十二烷(HBCD)对斑马鱼发育早期能量代谢及软骨、肌肉和鱼鳍发育的影响

六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecane, HBCDs)是一种添加型阻燃剂,在环境中广泛存在。由于具有持久性、生物蓄积性和毒性等特征,HBCD很可能在水生生物体内富集并对其生长发育产生影响。将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同浓度的HBCD(0.1、0.5和1 mg·L^-1),通过油红O和阿尔新蓝染色观察幼鱼发育状况,并通过能量代谢及发育相关基因探讨可能的作用机制。结果表明,HBCD暴露影响了幼鱼对卵黄囊内生脂肪的吸收,并对幼鱼躯干骨骼肌、头部软骨和鱼鳍的发育产生损害。进一步研究发现,暴露组幼鱼体内ATP含量降低,ATP合成酶及电子呼吸链中还原性辅酶Ⅰ(NOX)和细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)等的活性显著降低;同时,早期发育相关基因如骨形成蛋白bmp、肌肉决定因子myod以及sox9a和wnt等基因的转录水平均受到显著抑制(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,HBCD会影响早期发育阶段的斑马鱼对卵黄囊营养物质的吸收,干扰体内能量代谢,导致能量供应不足,并通过bmp-sox9和wnt-myod等信号通路影响软骨组织、鱼鳍和骨骼肌的正常发育。     

乙草胺对土壤微生物的影响研究

研究了乙草胺在6种不同浓度下对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率的影响.采用密闭法测定乙草胺对土壤微生物呼吸的影响.结果表明,乙草胺对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率均有一定的抑制作用,对土壤微生物呼吸作用具有明显的抑制作用.