Distribution of chromium contamination and microbial activity in soil aggregates

Biogeochemical transformations of redox-sensitive chemicals in soils can be strongly transport-controlled and localized. This was tested through experiments on chromium diffusion and reduction in soil aggregates that were exposed to chromate solutions. Reduction of soluble Cr(VI) to insoluble Cr(II) occurred only within the surface layer of aggregates with higher available organic carbon and higher microbial respiration. Sharply terminated Cr diffusion fronts develop when the reduction rate increases rapidly with depth. The final state of such aggregates consists of a Cr-contaminated exterior, and an uncontaminated core, each having different microbial community compositions and activity. Microbial activity was significantly higher in the more reducing soils, while total microbial biomass was similar in all of the soils. The small fraction of Cr(VI) remaining unreduced resides along external surfaces of aggregates, leaving it potentially available to future transport down the soil profile. Using the Thiele modulus, Cr(VI) reduction in soil aggregates is shown to be diffusion rate- and reaction rate-limited in anaerobic and aerobic aggregates, respectively. Thus, spatially resolved chemical and microbiological measurements are necessary within anaerobic soil aggregates to characterize and predict the fate of Cr contamination. Typical methods of soil sampling and analyses that average over redox gradients within aggregates can erase important biogeochemical spatial relations necessary for understanding these environments.     

Predictive model for motorcycle accidents at three-legged priority junctions

In conjunction with a nationwide motorcycle safety program, the provision of exclusive motorcycle lanes has been implemented to overcome link-motorcycle accidents along trunk roads in Malaysia. However, not much work has been done to address accidents at junctions involving motorcycles. This article presents the development of predictive model for motorcycle accidents at three-legged major-minor priority junctions of urban roads in Malaysia. The generalized linear modeling technique was used to develop the model. The final model reveals that motorcycle accidents are proportional to the power of traffic flow. An increase in nonmotorcycle and motorcycle flows entering the junctions is associated with an increase in motorcycle accidents. Nonmotorcycle flow on major roads had the highest effect on the probability of motorcycle accidents. Approach speed, lane width, number of lanes, shoulder width, and land use were found to be significant in explaining motorcycle accidents at the three-legged major-minor priority junctions. These findings should enable traffic engineers to specifically design appropriate junction treatment criteria for nonexclusive motorcycle lane facilities.     

矿山灾害学的研究模式、特征与方法

矿山灾害学主要研究矿山灾害成因动力学、矿山灾害运动学、矿山灾害预测学和矿山灾害防治对策学等 4个内容 ,其研究模型可分为工程技术研究、技术科学研究和基础科学研究三大层次 ,具有学科交叉与综合、生态环境、社会参与、安全教育和工程科学研究五大特征 ,研究方法须以科学的系统论思想为指导 ,采用逻辑辩证与历史唯物相统一法 ,既从微观上研究单一矿山灾种事故的防治技术与方法 ,又从宏观上以不同学科、不同层次、不同方位切入 ,对矿山灾害进行系统的通盘研究 ,与此同时 ,还必须大力开展多层次、多领域、多方位的国际协作与研究。因此 ,矿山灾害学的研究与发展 ,不但拓宽了矿山灾害科学研究的领域 ,而且对现代“灾害学”的建立和发展也具有十分重大的科学价值     

rs双区异常与强震中短期预报

本文根据组合模式原理提出了一种用小震调制比（ｒｍ）异常区出现高频次的空间异常图，进行强地震中短期预报的方法，简称ｒｓ法。该方法在预报强震地点和时间上可望取得较好效果。本文在介绍该方法的基础上，应用该法对３次７级以上大震进行了回顾性检验。     

广西近年高温干旱气象灾害及对电力供求的影响

通过对广西2003~2005年高温、干旱天气气候事件及其对电力供求影响的分析发现:广西2003~2005年高温、干旱灾害强度偏强,频率增大;最高气温与最大电力负荷有明显的正相关关系,高温灾害天气造成电力负荷呈大幅度增加的趋势;季节性、持续性的干旱造成广西水电发电量呈负增长状态。由于电力负荷加大,水电发电量供应不足,使广西电力供求呈紧张的局面,2003~2005年出现了不同程度的拉闸限电现象。     

烟气脱硝工艺及其化学反应机理

概述了工业固定源NOx的控制措施，包括燃烧过程控制和燃烧后减少NOx排放。介绍两种主要的烟气脱硝工艺SNCR和SCR的特点、布置及所要求的温度范围，正在商业化应用的SCR工艺的催化荆组成、活性组分及其他组分的作用。提出了这一催化体系中还需要进一步澄清的某些化学机理。     

Characteristics of phosphorus fractionated from the sediment resuspension in abrupt expansion flow experiments

Phosphorous (P) fraction characteristics in sediment resuspension were investigated under adequately hydrodynamic conditions. Four forms of P in overlying water, including dissolved inorganic P, dissolved total P, total P, and particulate P, and six fractions of P in suspended particulate matter (SPM), including loosely sorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), aluminum-bound P (Al- P), organic P (NaOH-nrP), calcium-bound P (Ca-P) and residual P (Res-P), were quantified, respectively. Di erent hydrodynamic conditions resulted in di erent P form changes. Four states could be ascribed: (1) P desorption by sediment and SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (2) P desorption by SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (3) P adsorption by SPM, and P desorption by overlying water; and (4) P equilibrium between SPM and overlying water. The contents of P in overlying water acquired peak values in the middle position of the vertical P distribution due to the combined actions of SPM and sediment. P fractions in SPM were in the following order: BD-P > NaOH-nrp > Ca-P > Al-P > Res-P > NH4Cl-P. BD-P in SPM frequently exchanged with P forms in overlying water. Resuspension was favorable to forming Ca-P in SPM.     

GE水煤浆烧嘴安全监控的HAZOP分析

采用危险与可操作性（HAZOP）分析方法,对某个GE水煤浆装置的气化炉烧嘴进行了分析,识别出了烧嘴监测和进料控制中存在的问题。烧嘴监测中存在的问题主要是CO浓度监测和烧嘴压差监测不准;烧嘴进料控制中存在的问题主要是煤浆的流量,浓度测量和氧气的流量测量存在缺陷。针对HAZOP识别出的烧嘴监控问题,提出了改进的措施。     

周界报警系统在大型库区中的应用

随着科学技术的不断发展和社会的进步,防盗报警监控系统正越来越多地被应用于各个领域。输油站库是一个重点防范单位,特别是大型油库,为了更好地管理,有效防止非法入侵及油库的安全,建立一套周界安全防范监控报警系统是非常必要的。     

浅谈中国城市污泥的处置

城市污水污泥的处置已成为目前环境科学研究领域中的重要问题。中国是一个经济基础较为薄弱、可耕地有限的农业大国,而污泥中富含植物生长必须的有机质、腐殖质和矿质元素,其土地利用能改善土壤的理化性质,提高农作物产量,减少污泥对环境的二次污染,从而实现污泥的资源化、无害化、稳定化和减量化处置目标。概述了当前城市污泥处置的几种方法及研究进展,并就中国污泥处理处置和综合利用提出了相关建议。