Modelling Pesticide and Nutrient Transport in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia Agro-Ecosystems

Cameron Highlands has a long history of intensive horticulture especially vegetable and flower cultivation. This industry uses large amounts of nutrients and pesticides. Several simulation models were used to assess the movement of pesticides and nutrients in relation to agronomic practices in farm plots cultivated with cabbage and chrysanthemum. It was shown that most of the pesticides are absorbed by the topsoils which are enriched by organic fertiliser, and are not leached beyond the top 10 cm layer. Methamidophos, dazomet, cyromazine, triforine and NO₃N were predicted to cause soil contamination. The application of high amounts of fertilisers can cause nitrate contamination to the groundwater in Cameron Highlands.     

关于美国城市环境管理的启示

城市环境管理是我国环保工作的重点之一,美国城市环境管理中的经验和教训,可以为我们提供一些借鉴。     

Application of aerial photography in combination with GIS for coastal management at small spatial scales: a case study of shellfish aquaculture

Coastal zones are among the planets most threatened ecosystems and effective management of these systems requires spatial tools at appropriate spatial scales. Here we apply aerial photography with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to map the cumulative anthropogenic footprint of an industry in a spatially defined ecologically important region of the British Columbian coast. Resolution required for such an analysis was made possible through highly detailed aerial photography of the region taken at an elevation of 305 m, at a 1:3000 scale. The approach applied here was successful in accurately detailing the cumulative extent of the anthropogenic activity on the foreshore which could have not been achieved at a coarser resolution. Such information was then effectively applied to visualize and assess the potential impact of an industrial development of the foreshore on bird distribution within the spatially identified region. The degree of overlap between the anthropogenic footprint and small estuaries within the region was also successfully assessed. For ecologically important regions such as Marine Protected Areas, and other such designated sensitive coastal regions, detailed mapping through aerial photography and GIS can aid in first identifying the true extent of an anthropogenic activity and then secondly used to link to possible ecological consequences. This in turn greatly enhances our ability to best manage the region of interest such that conservation priorities can be met.     

Agricultural pesticide residues of farm runoff in the Okanagan Valley,British Columbia,Canada

The objectives of this study were to determine environmental occurrence and concentrations of selected currently-used-pesticides and some transformation products in agricultural farms in the Okanagan Valley (OKV), and to conduct a simple risk assessment of environmental pesticides levels detected in OKV on non-target aquatic organisms. The OKV is the tree fruit country of the Province of British Columbia where considerable amount of pesticides are applied annually. Water, sediment and soil samples were collected at eleven sites in early June and late September following rainfall events and/or extended periods of irrigation from drainage ditches and/or from small streams. Undisturbed reference sites were also sampled. Study results showed that forty of the eighty chemicals analyzed, including organochlorine, nitrogen-containing and organophosphate pesticides commonly used for OKV crops, were detected in runoff and small stream water samples. Among which, endosulfan-sulfate was the most frequently detected chemical. Also, azinophos-methyl (0.699–25.5 ng/L), diazinon (0.088–214 ng/L) exceeded, and α-, β- endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate approached the guidelines for the protection of aquatic life.     

SO_4~(2-)和Se(Ⅵ)对紫花苜蓿和大麦吸收Se的影响

在温室中用砂培和水培方法种植紫花苜蓿和大麦,以此来研究SO_4~(2-)和SE(Ⅵ)对作物吸收Se的影响以及SO_4~(2-)和Se(Ⅵ)之间的相互作用。试验结果证明,紫花苜蓿和大麦体内都能累积Se(Ⅵ)并达到危害人类和动物健康的水平。Se(Ⅵ)对紫花苜蓿和大麦的干物质量都有不利的影响。当溶液含Se(Ⅵ)量超过0.1mg L~(-1)时,两者的干物质量减少25％—35％,含Se(Ⅵ)量超过lmg L~(-1)时,作物减产50％以上。SO_4~(2-)对植物吸收Se(Ⅵ)有明显的拮抗作用,能减少植物对Se(Ⅵ)的吸收,溶液中含SO_4~(2-)量超过2dS m~(-1),植物吸收Se(Ⅵ)减少99％,这是因为Se(Ⅵ)和SO_4~(2-)有相似的化学和物理性质,植物吸收Se(Ⅵ)和SO_4~(2-)的机理是极相似的。因此,当SO_4~(2-)在根的吸收基上成为主要离子时,植物组织中含Se(Ⅵ)量就会大大减少。含Se(Ⅵ)量较高的井水或农业排水是否可以用于灌溉,主要取决于水中的SO_4~(2-)含量。     

凉山州邛海宾馆污水深度处理工艺与效果

利用原有的化粪池作厌氧池,并以射流曝气生物接触氧化处理工艺为主体,串联消毒杀菌装置,即采用厌氧—好氧—化学杀菌三级串联深度处理邛海宾馆污水取得良好效果。处理后的水质清澈透明,无异采,COD31mg/l,BOD_52.1mg/l,去除率均在95％以上。     

Responses of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms to biochar and compost amendments of heavy metals-polluted soil

Heavy metal pollution affects soil ecological function. Biochar and compost can effectively remediate heavy metals and increase soil nutrients. The effects and mechanisms of biochar and compost amendments on soil nitrogen cycle function in heavy-metal contaminated soils are not fully understood. This study examined how biochar, compost, and their integrated use affected ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in heavy metal polluted soil. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB). Ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) activity was evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results showed that compost rather than biochar improved nitrogen conversion in soil. Biochar, compost, or their integrated application significantly reduced the effective Zn and Cd speciation. Adding compost obviously increased As and Cu effective speciation, bacterial 16S rRNA abundance, and AMO activity. AOB, stimulated by compost addition, was significantly more abundant than AOA throughout remediation. Correlation analysis showed that AOB abundance positively correlated with NO₃^?-N (r = 0.830, P < 0.01), and that AMO activity had significant correlation with EC (r = -0.908, P < 0.01) and water-soluble carbon (r = -0.868, P < 0.01). Those seem to be the most vital factors affecting AOB community and their function in heavy metal-polluted soil remediated by biochar and compost.     

2012年秦皇岛市夏秋异常降水及其影响评估简

2012年秦皇岛市夏秋季降水异常偏多,暴雨洪涝、地质灾害严重,给工农业生产及交通航运等带来严重损失。利用统计分析方法对6～11月秦皇岛异常降水进行分析,结果表明：6～11月连续6个月降水偏多,为1955年有气象记录以来唯一年份;11月全市降水偏多5倍以上,创有气象记录以来极值;7下8上区域性暴雨范围大,持续时间长,尤其8月3～4日受台风“达维”影响,出现了近50 a最大洪涝。在分析降水异常基础上,对引起的气象灾害及其影响进行了分析。     

注重提高技术监管水平--做好环保现场监察工作

环境监察作为开展环境保护工作的一种主要执法手段,在确定排污单位是否达标排放、治污设施是否正常运转时,不能简单地依据污染治理设施排放情况做出结论,而应注重运用技术手段开展全过程监察。要做好新时期的环保监察工作,确保环境安全、改善环境质量、服务科学发展,仅靠工作激情、完善规章制度、明确科室职责是不够的,执法人员技术监管能力的高低直接影响环境违法行为的查处等监察工作的开展,为杜绝业务不熟悉、执法技能低和被疑受罚的现象发生,环保部门在完善内控机制与强化执法监督的同时,应注重培训执法人员技术监管水平,提高监察技能,充分运用技术手段开展环境执法监察工作,对及时发现和查处环境违法行为至关重要。     

香根草和黑麦草对重金属铅的生理响应及累积性研究

以香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为材料,通过水培研究了0,5,10,50,200,500 mg/L铅处理对两种植物生长、生物量的影响及铅在植物根、茎叶中的累积特征,结果表明,(1)铅浓度10 mg/L以下,香根草和黑麦草能够正常生长;铅浓度为5 mg/L条件...