大型原油储库自动消防系统组成及结构原理

大型原油储库自动消防系统由前端报警设备、自控系统、工业电视监控系统、泡沫发生系统和执行机构等5部分组成,对5个组成部分的原理进行了简要描述。     

实施HAZOP分析控制重大工艺安全事故(Ⅱ)

分析了在中国实施危险与可操作性分析（Hazard and Operability,HAZOP）技术的可行性,提出了推广建议。     

汶川地震产生的应变场和位移场

2008年5月12日汶川地震明显改变了区域地震的应变场.理解这种应变场的改变对周围断层构造加载进程和区域地震危险性的改变非常重要.本研究以汶川地震的破裂为驱动源,计算了该地震在近处造成的位移场和应变场.结果表明:该地震使得水平位移场断层南端的近乎东向运动逐渐转变为断层北端的东北向运动.震源附近有米级的位移量级.垂直分量与该地震的震源机制一致,西北盘上升、东南盘下降.断层附近的最大剪应变达3.2e-5,并随距断层的距离很快衰减.平均应变显示断层南部和中部主要表现为压缩,北部表现为拉张.     

Sustainable wood-based nanotechnologies for photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in aquatic environment

•Wood and its reassemblies are ideal substrates to develop novel photocatalysts. •Synthetic methods and mechanisms of wood-derived photocatalysts are summarized. •Advances in wood-derived photocatalysts for organic pollutant removal are summed up. •Metal doping, morphology control and semiconductor coupling methods are highlighted. •Structure-activity relationship and catalytic mechanism of photocatalysts are given. Wood-based nanotechnologies have received much attention in the area of photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in aquatic environment in recent years, because of the high abundance and renewability of wood as well as the high reaction activity and unique structural features of these materials. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the current research activities centering on the development of wood-based nanocatalysts for photodegradation of organic pollutants. This review begins with a brief introduction of the development of photocatalysts and hierarchical structure of wood. The review then focuses on strategies of designing novel photocatalysts based on wood or its recombinants (such as 1D fiber, 2D films and 3D porous gels) using advanced nanotechnology including sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, magnetron sputtering method, dipping method and so on. Next, we highlight typical approaches that improve the photocatalytic property, including metal element doping, morphology control and semiconductor coupling. Also, the structure-activity relationship of photocatalysts is emphasized. Finally, a brief summary and prospect of wood-derived photocatalysts is provided.     

DR型高压粉尘比电阻试验台的研制与应用

介绍了一种可在实验室测量工况下,对以燃煤飞灰为主的各种工业粉尘的比电阻特性进行测量分析的新型试验设备,由于该设备采用了升降式托盘电极和特殊的线路设计,从而提高了系统测量的可靠性     

磷输入对沼泽湿地小叶章枯落物分解过程酶活性的影响

在三江平原沼泽湿地布置外源磷输入小区,选取典型湿地植物小叶章Calamagrostis angustifolia枯落物为研究对象,采用分解袋法,研究了不同梯度外源磷输入(CK:0;P1:1.2 g·m-2·a-1;P2:4.8 g·m-2·a-1;P3:9.6 g·m-2·a-1)对小叶章枯落物分解过程中酶活性的影响.结果表明,在小叶章枯落物分解前期,低磷输入(P1)抑制了蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,继续分解的过程中则极显著促进了二者的酶活性(P<0.01),而低磷输入对淀粉酶活性的影响则与之相反;中磷输入(P2)在小叶章枯落物分解的整个过程都促进了蔗糖酶和淀粉酶的活性,对脲酶活性除在分解65 d时有抑制,其他时期均提高了其酶活性;高磷输入(P3)均提高了枯落物分解后期的蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,其对淀粉酶活性的影响无明显规律;3种磷输入均显著抑制了酸性磷酸酶活性(P<0.01).     

稀土元素对怀槐悬浮培养细胞异黄酮合成及氧化还原态的影响

在培养基中添加不同浓度的硝酸铈和硝酸镧,并检测怀槐细胞悬浮培养过程中异黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)酶活、还原型谷胱甘肽和氧化型谷胱甘肽含量的变化,以探讨稀土元素对怀槐细胞合成异黄酮的影响和机制.结果表明, 20 mmol L-1硝酸铈和10 mmol L-1硝酸镧较适合诱导怀槐悬浮培养细胞合成异黄酮;细胞培养过程中,硝酸铈和硝酸镧诱导异黄酮合成的变化趋势与PAL酶的活性变化一致;氧化还原态变化分析发现,硝酸铈和硝酸镧处理的细胞中GSH/GSSG比例分别在d 3和d 2达到最大值,是同期对照的1.46和1.47倍,而异黄酮含量则在d 4和d 3达到最大值,分别达到了271.42 μg g-1 (DW)和279.32 μg g-1 (DW).研究结果显示,怀槐细胞悬浮培养中添加稀土元素提高次生代谢产物异黄酮的合成可能与稀土元素诱导细胞氧化还原态的改变有关.图3参16     

资源丰度的定量计算

提出了一种通用的定量计算方法,即用规范化指数表示各地区的资源丰度,用“度”作为资源丰度的计量单位。指数表示法计算的资源丰度值实现了资源丰度在可比尺度上的综合评价。它概念明确,简单易行,具有可比性和可传递性,从理论和应用方面来说都具有许多优点。     

Different sources of rural household energy consumption and influencing factors in Dazu,China

Rural household energy consumption is an important component of national energy consumption. This paper explores the rural household energy consumption status and influencing factors on different sources of rural household energy consumption in western China. Using data from a survey of 240 households conducted in 2017, this study finds that rural households’ energy consumption structure in the study area is a combination of traditional biomass energy and commercial energy sources. Fuelwood is the most commonly used fuel in the study area, while modern energy sources only occupy a low proportion. Rural household energy consumption is influenced by various factors. Individual perceptions of climate change, social trust and networks, and households’ socio-economic and demographic factors (gender, age, education, income per capita, household size, household location, and number of household appliances) are identified as having significant effects on rural households’ consumption of biomass and commercial energies. The research results provide implications for policy makers to formulate related rural energy policies to improve the rural energy consumption structure and future energy policy design in China and other developing countries.

     

Pyrolysis temperature influences ameliorating effects of biochars on acidic soil

The biochars were prepared from straws of canola, corn, soybean, and peanut at different temperatures of 300, 500, and 700 °C by means of oxygen-limited pyrolysis. Amelioration effects of these biochars on an acidic Ultisol were investigated with incubation experiments, and application rate of biochars was 10 g/kg. The incorporation of these biochars induced the increase in soil pH, soil exchangeable base cations, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity and the decrease in soil exchangeable acidity and exchangeable Al. The ameliorating effects of biochars on acidic soil increased with increase in their pyrolysis temperature. The contribution of oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochars to their ameliorating effects on the acidic soil decreased with the rise in pyrolysis temperature, while the contribution from carbonates in the biochars changed oppositely. The incorporation of the biochars led to the decrease in soil reactive Al extracted by 0.5 mol/L CuCl₂, and the content of reactive Al was decreased with the increase in pyrolysis temperature of incorporated biochars. The biochars generated at 300 °C increased soil organically complexed Al due to ample quantity of oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxylic and phenolic groups on the biochars, while the biochars generated at 500 and 700 °C accelerated the transformation of soil exchangeable Al to hydroxyl-Al polymers due to hydrolysis of Al at higher pH. Therefore, the crop straw-derived biochars can be used as amendments for acidic soils and the biochars generated at relatively high temperature have great ameliorating effects on the soils.