聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-聚合硫酸铁复合絮凝剂对污泥的脱水性能

研究了聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-聚合硫酸铁复合絮凝剂(PDMDAAC-PFS)对活性污泥的脱水性能,考察了投加量、配比和PDMDAAC的特性粘数等对污泥比阻降低和滤液浊度与COD去除的影响,并与PFS、PDMDAAC、PFS与PD-MDAAC联用(分开加入)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPF130)和KHYC型絮凝剂的脱水效果进行了比较.结果表明,PDMDAAC-PFS对污泥比阻的降低和滤液浊度与COD的去除效果最好,但产生絮团的大小和强度比CPF130差,而其中PDMDAAC和PFS的用量分别比单独使用PDMDAAC和PFS减少了一半以上;PDMDAAC与PFS复配,增加了絮凝剂分子聚集体体积,利于在污泥粒子群间吸附架桥.     

利用活性污泥制造活性炭的研究

论述了利用在活性污泥法处理废水过程中产生的好氧污泥和厌氧污泥制造活性炭的过程,选择出最佳的制作条件,并进一步测试了产品的性能。实验结果表明,利用剩余活性污泥制造活发现灰这一方法是可行的,并且在最佳条件下制成的活性炭的吸附性能比较令人满意。     

灾害损失的定量计算

本文提出了一个衡量灾害损失的定量指标——灾级。灾级大小是将一次灾害中死亡、伤害和直接经济损失数折算成规范化指数后计算出来的。其方法简单易行,且适用性强。     

基于RS-GIS的湖北丹江库区土壤水力侵蚀定量分析

湖北丹江库区是南水北调中线工程的主要淹没区和水源区,土壤水力侵蚀是影响水质安全和工程实施的重要因素。以1998年和2003年的TM遥感影像为主要信息源,建立了以植被覆盖度、坡度和土地利用为指标的水力侵蚀遥感分析方法,将水力侵蚀强度分为六级,并结合GIS的空间分析功能对1998年和2003年库区水力侵蚀强度变化及空间分布进行了划分。结果表明五年间库区微度侵蚀、中度侵蚀和强度侵蚀面积呈增加趋势,而轻度侵蚀和极强度侵蚀面积呈减少趋势;并将库区水力侵蚀空间分布划分为北部中低山丘陵中强度侵蚀区和中部河谷城区轻度流失区。分析结果对库区土壤侵蚀的治理和生态环境的改善具有指导意义。     

于桥水库网箱养鱼对水质影响分析

本文通过采样监测分析了网箱养鱼对水质的影响。分析结果表明,网箱养鱼明显增加了水库水体中藻类密度ＣＯＤ、ＴＰ、ＴＮ的含量,并引起水温上升,溶解氧减少,促进水库富营养化进程,是水质恶化的重要之一。同时,残余饵料和粪便的沉积,增加了底质中的有机质ＴＰ和ＴＮ,造成水库水体的二次污染。     

滨海沙地木麻黄人工林细根生物量及其动态研究

2005年1月到11月对福建省惠安县赤湖林场不同林龄木麻黄人工林细根的生物量及其动态特征进行了研究.结果表明,24a生木麻黄林细根生物量分别占其地下部分生物量和林分总生物量的53.1%和3.8%;活细根的生物量随林龄的增大而逐渐增加,至30a林龄时达到最大值12.373thm-2,而后逐渐下降,死细根的生物量则呈现一直增大的趋势,木麻黄人工林细根的生物量与林分地上部分的生长具有显著的相关关系;细根生物量具有明显的季节动态,各林龄无论活细根还是死细根都表现为双峰型,3a生和18a生的活细根出现在1月和7月,而12a生出现在3月和7月,对于死细根,12a生和18a生的两个峰值出现在3月和7月,5a生则出现在7月和11月.各林龄木麻黄防护林活、死细根密度垂直分布呈单峰型,最大值出现在表层的0~10cm土层中,后随土层厚度增加逐渐减少,其中5a林龄细根生物量随土层深度增加而减少表现最为明显.在0~10cm土层中的活、死细根生物量分别占全部活细根生物量的51.9%和死细根生物量的53.3%,活细根生物量的84.6%和死细根生物量的82.8%分布在0~30cm的土层中.以后随着林龄的增加,表层土壤中细根生物量的比重降低而深层的比重增加.图3表2参31     

Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall

Diagnostic ratios and multivariate analysis were utilized to apportion polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources for road runoff, road dust, rain and canopy throughfall based on samples collected in an urban area of Beijing, China. Three sampling sites representing vehicle lane, bicycle lane and branch road were selected. For road runoff and road dust, vehicular emission and coal combustion were identified as major sources, and the source contributions varied among the sampling sites. For rain, three principal components were apportioned representing coal/oil combustion (54%), vehicular emission (34%) and coking (12%). For canopy throughfall, vehicular emission (56%), coal combustion (30%) and oil combustion (14%) were identified as major sources. Overall, the PAH's source for road runoff mainly reflected that for road dust. Despite site-specific sources, the findings at the study area provided a general picture of PAHs sources for the road runoff system in urban area of Beijing.     

Pelagic-benthic coupling of the microbial food web modifies nutrient cycles along a cascade-dammed river

• Structure of multi-trophic microbial groups were analyzed using DNA metabarcoding. • Discontinuity and trophic interactions were observed along the dam-fragmented river. • C, N and P cycles are driven by top-down and bottom-up forces of microbial food web. • Pelagic-benthic coupling may intensify nutrient accumulation in the river system. Cascade dams disrupt the river continuum, altering hydrology, biodiversity and nutrient flux. Describing the diversity of multi-trophic microbiota and assessing microbial contributions to the ecosystem processes are prerequisites for the restoration of these aquatic systems. This study investigated the microbial food web structure along a cascade-dammed river, paying special attention to the multi-trophic relationships and the potential role of pelagic-benthic coupling in nutrient cycles. Our results revealed the discontinuity in bacterial and eukaryotic community composition, functional group proportion, as well as α-diversity due to fragmentation by damming. The high microbial dissimilarity along the river, with the total multi-trophic β-diversity was 0.84, was almost completely caused by species replacement. Synchronization among trophic levels suggests potential interactions of the pelagic and the benthic groups, of which the β-diversities were primarily influenced by geographic and environmental factors, respectively. Dam-induced environmental variations, especially hydrological and nutrient variables, potentially influence the microbial food web via both top-down and bottom-up forces. We proposed that the cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus are influenced by multi-trophic groups through autotrophic and heterotrophic processes, predator–prey relationships, as well as the release of nutrients mainly by microfauna. Our results advance the notion that pelagic-benthic trophic coupling may intensify the accumulation of organic carbon, ammonium and inorganic phosphorus, thereby changing the biogeochemical patterns along river systems. As a consequence, researchers should pay more attention to the multi-trophic studies when assessing the environmental impacts, and to provide the necessary guidance for the ecological conservation and restoration of the dam-regulated systems.     

Performance and mechanism of carbamazepine removal by FeS-S2O82– process: experimental investigation and DFT calculations

● Synergistic removal of carbamazepine (CBZ) was obtained in the FeS-S₂O₈^2– process. ● SO₄^•− and •OH were identified as the main radicals in the FeS-S₂O₈^2– process. ● Heterogeneous oxidation would be dominant first, followed by homogeneous reaction. ● Degradation pathway of CBZ was well elucidated by experiments and DFT calculations. As persulfate (S₂O₈^2–) is being increasingly used as an alternative oxidizing agent, developing low-cost and eco-friendly catalysts for efficient S₂O₈^2– activation is potentially useful for the treatment of wastewater containing refractory organic pollutant. In this study, the degradative features and mechanisms of carbamazepine (CBZ) were systematically investigated in a novel FeS- S₂O₈^2– process under near-neutral conditions. The results exhibited that CBZ can be effectively eliminated by the FeS-S₂O₈^2– process and the optimal conditions were: 250 mg/L FeS, 0.5 mmol/L S₂O₈^2–, and pH = 6.0. The existence of Cl⁻ (1 and 50 mmol/L) has little influence on the CBZ elimination, while both HCO₃⁻ and HPO₄²⁻ (1 and 50 mmol/L) significantly suppressed the CBZ removal in the FeS-S₂O₈^2– process. CBZ could be degraded via a radical mechanism in the FeS-S₂O₈^2– process, the working radical species (i.e., SO₄^•− and •OH) were efficiently formed via the promoted decomposition of S₂O₈^2– by the surface Fe²⁺ on the FeS and the dissolved ferrous ions in solution. Based on the identified oxidized products and Fukui index calculations, a possible degradation pathway of CBZ was speculated. More importantly, a two-stage oxidation mechanism of CBZ elimination was speculated in the FeS-S₂O₈^2– process, the activation of S₂O₈^2– by the surface-active Fe^(II) of FeS dominated in the initial 5 min, while homogeneous oxidation reactions played more essential parts than others in the following reaction stage (5–60 min). Overall, this study demonstrated that the FeS-S₂O₈^2– process is capable of removing CBZ from water efficiently.     

城市降雨径流人工湿地处理的效能研究

根据广东省东莞市同沙水库集水区的降雨径流的平均水质特征,采用改进的人工湿地系统对其污染物的降解效果和耐冲击负荷能力进行了模拟研究,实验中人工模拟城市降雨径流污染物平均浓度COD为169.19 mg/L、TP为0.58 mg/L、TN为5.69 mg/L和NH4+-N为3.69 mg/L.实验结果表明,该湿地系统各对污染...