页岩气压裂高压管汇失效风险分析及防控措施

针对大排量、高压力页岩气压裂施工作业中存在的高压管汇失效风险,分析了某公司近年来的高压管汇失效事故事件,识别出了常见的失效形式及部位,构建了基于计算流体力学的固液两相流射流模型,模拟计算了失效的破坏力和伤害范围。研究结果表明:刺漏是高压管汇最常见失效形式,弯头、三通等应力集中区是刺漏失效的高危部位; 100 MPa工况时刺漏影响范围可达100 m,离刺漏点1 m处,流体流速为260 m/s,打击压力达3.5 GPa,远超防护钢板抗剪切强度。根据风险分析及事故模拟结果,从本质安全、工艺改进、管理、信息化提升4个维度提出了防控措施,为页岩气压裂施工作业安全防控措施的制定提供了参考。     

导体表面雷电脉冲电流分布研究

为研究雷电脉冲电流在导体表面的分布情况,研制了巨磁阻(Giant Magneto Resisti ve,GMR)表面电流测量系统,利用该系统对平面薄铝板表面脉冲电流密度进行了测量研究。为验证测量结果,采用时域有限差分(FDTD)法和CST软件分别进行了相应的数值分析和仿真计算,取得与测量相一致的结果。在此基础上,对雷电流在弧面表面分布情况进行了探索性研究。     

云南省丽江大地震及其诱发的崩塌滑坡灾害特征

１９９６年２月３日，云南省丽江县城以北４０ｋｍ发生７级强烈地震，这次地震在约１２０００ｋｍ２范围内诱发了至少４２０处中小型崩塌和３０处大中型滑坡，造成房屋倒塌、桥梁毁坏和公路堵塞。调查研究得出以下结论：（１）地震触发的崩塌滑坡分布在Ⅵ度区内，主要集中在主震震中东南部，接近表层构造断裂带和余震活动范围内；（２）崩塌主要发生在高陡斜坡的峡谷地带，滑坡多为复活型，部分为同发型和滞后型滑坡；（３）地形是控制崩塌滑坡分布位置的主导因素，崩塌多发生于大于６０度斜坡中上部，滑坡发育于中缓斜坡（２５°～４５°）；（４）滑坡影响区如遇充足的降雨可能进一步变形破坏，大量地裂隙孕育着新的崩塌滑坡，潜在危险性大。     

Growth response of Sesbania rostrata and S. cannabina to sludge-amended lead/zinc mine tailings. A greenhouse study

Legumes are ideal for revegetation of metal-mined wastelands which lack nitrogen (N). A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using Sesbania rostrata and S. cannabina for the reclamation of lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings and to evaluate the effects of organic amendment using sewage sludge (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, v/v). The results showed that both species could continue to grow on the highly toxic tailings substrata for at least 80 days, although their growth suffered from adverse effects. That S. rostrata with stem and root nodules had better growth (biomass, growth rates, and biomass of nodules) than S. cannabina suggested that S. rostrata is a better choice as a pioneer species for revegetation of the mine tailings. Stem nodules had less obvious adverse effects imposed by tailings than root nodules. Application of sewage sludge increased contents of total carbon (C), N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), and reduced total Zn, Pb, Cd, and DTPA-extractable Pb and Cd in tailings substrata. These, in turn, reduced metal (Zn, Pb, and Cd) uptake and accumulation in plant tissues, and improved plant growth performance, including biomass, growth rates, stem nodulation. Fifty percent (v/v) of sludge application rate was the best loading rate for plant growth.     

Biofilm response and removal via the coupling of visible-light-driven photocatalysis and biodegradation in an environment of sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI)

The widespread contamination of water systems with antibiotics and heavy metals has gained much attention. Intimately coupled visible -light-responsive photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) provides a novel approach for removing such mixed pollutants. In ICPB, the photocatalysis products are biodegraded by a protected biofilm, leading to the mineralization of refractory organics. In the present study, the ICPB approach exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and biodegradation, providing up to ∼1.27 times the degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and 1.16 times the Cr(VI) reduction rate of visible-light-induced photocatalysis . Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis demonstrated the synergistic ICPB effects of photocatalysis and biodegradation for removing SMX and reducing Cr(VI). In addition, the toxicity of the SMX intermediates and Cr(VI) in the ICPB process significantly decreased. The use of MoS₂/CoS₂ photocatalyst accelerated the separation of electrons and holes, with•O₂^– and h⁺ attacking SMX and e^– reducing Cr(VI), providing an effective means for enhancing the removal and mineralization of these mixed pollutants via the ICPB technique. The microbial community results demonstrate that bacteria that are conducive to pollutant removal are were enriched by the acclimation and ICPB operation processes, thus significantly improving the performance of the ICPB system.     

Effect of ultraviolet irradiation and chlorination on ampicillin-resistant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> and its ampicillin resistance gene

Antibiotic resistance is a serious public health risk that may spread via potable and reclaimed water. Effective disinfection is important for inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and disruption of antibiotic resistance genes. Ampicillin is a widely prescribed antibiotic but its effectiveness is increasingly undermined by resistance. In this study, changes in ampicillin resistance for Escherichia coli (E. coli) CGMCC 1.1595 were analyzed after exposure to different doses of ultraviolet (UV) or chlorine, and damage incurred by the plasmid encoding ampicillin resistance gene bla _TEM-1 was assessed. We reported a greater stability in ampicillinresistant E. coli CGMCC 1.1595 after UV irradiation or chlorination when compared with previously published data for other E. coli strains. UV irradiation and chlorination led to a shift in the mortality frequency distributions of ampicillin-resistant E. coli when subsequently exposed to ampicillin. The ampicillin hemiinhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) without disinfection was 3800 mg·L^–1, and an increment was observed after UV irradiation or chlorination. The IC₅₀ of ampicillin-resistant E. coli was 1.5-fold higher at a UV dose of 40 mJ·cm^–2, and was 1.4-fold higher when exposed to 2.0 mg·L^–1 chlorine. These results indicate that UV irradiation and chlorination can potentially increase the risk of selection for E. coli strains with high ampicillin resistance. There was no evident damage to bla _TEM-1 after 1–10 mg Cl₂·L^–1 chlorination, while a UV dose of 80 mJ·cm^–2 yielded a damage ratio for bla _TEM-1 of approximately 1.2-log. Therefore, high UV doses are required for effective disruption of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria.     

太阳能电池生产废水处理工程设计

太阳能电池作为一种清洁能源,应用越来越广泛,然而其生产废水中因含有大量F-及酸碱物质,腐蚀性强,治理困难。采用石灰乳+CaCl2+PAC混凝沉淀工艺处理太阳能电池生产废水。工程设计规模为浓含氟废水7 m3/d、稀含氟废水200 m3/d、酸碱性废水200 m3/d、含IPA废水1 m3/d,经过3个多月的调试运行,出水中ρ(COD)≤500 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)≤300 mg/L,ρ(SS)≤400 mg/L,pH保持在6～9,ρ(F-)≤20 mg/L,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》三级标准。废水处理工艺紧凑,处理效果好、运行稳定、具有推广价值。     

Enhancement of sludge gravitational thickening with weak ultrasound

Gravitational thickening is the prevailing method to reduce sludge volume but the process is slow and usually requires addition of polyelectrolyte(s). This paper investigated the potential benefits of sonication on enhancing the sludge gravitational thickening with very low energy dose, so called “weak ultrasound”. Results showed that weak sonication significantly changed the sludge settlability and the main mechanism was release of the loosely bounded extracellular polymeric substances. The changes in sludge behaviors by sonication were strongly influenced by power density and sonication duration. Lower sound frequency was slightly better than higher frequency. Weak sonication (<680 kJ·kg^-1 DS) improved the sludge gravitational thickening while high ultrasonic energy deteriorated the process. Considering both the sludge thickening efficiency and energy consumption, the optimum conditions were 0.15 W·mL^-1, 7 s, and 25 kHz. Under such conditions, the energy dose was only 155 kJ·kg^-1 DS, much lower than literature reports, and the sludge settling time was shortened from 24 h to 12?h. Weak sonication could substitute expensive polyelectrolyte coagulant for sludge thickening. Combination of weak sonication and polyelectrolyte could further reduce the settling time to 6 h. The final water content of the thickened sludge was not changed after sonication or polyelectrolyte addition.     

冶金焦化废水治理新技术工业实践

焦化废水是最难处理的高浓度、难降解的有机工业废水之一。经传统方法处理后的废水,各项指标难以达标。以新兴铸管股份有限公司焦化废水工艺改造为例,用烧结带冷高温废气处理焦化废水,降低水中各种污染物的浓度,同时对烧结废气中二氧化硫、氮氧化物、粉尘等也进行了去除,实现“以废治废”。     

Tourism effects on the environment and economic sustainability of sub-Saharan Africa

This paper integrates tourism, economic growth, and environmental issues in a multivariate format. Unlike recent research on this topic, a panel data of selected sample nations of sub-Saharan Africa is adopted by using cointegration and panel regression models. The current research discovers both long-run equilibrium and short-run dynamics between economic growth, tourism, energy use, and carbon emissions in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, tourism and energy use show a highly significant direct impact on economic growth. In addition, tourism, energy use, and economic growth yield a highly significant positive effect on carbon emissions. Dissecting the region into oil producers and non-oil producers further suggests that the economic growth of sub-Saharan Africa has been accomplished by strong growth in tourism and energy use. However, there is highly significant evidence that in oil producing countries, CO₂ emissions are directly affected by energy use and economic growth and not by tourism. For non-oil producing countries, tourism and energy use but not economic growth incur a highly significant positive impact on carbon emissions.