微波预处理和微生物联合煤炭脱硫技术初探

将微波技术应用于微生物法煤炭脱硫,研究了煤粉粒径、煤浆浓度、初始pH值、嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)接种量、微波辐照时间、脱硫周期等因素对微波预处理和微生物联合脱硫效果的影响,同时以单纯Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans煤炭脱硫作对照.在煤样粒径为200目(＜0.074 mm)、煤浆浓度为10%、初始pH为2.5、菌体接种量为10%、微波辐照时间3 min、脱硫周期4 d、温度30℃、摇床转速为160 r/min条件下,微波预处理和微生物联合作用对煤炭中全硫的脱除率可达51.3%.该结果表明,微波预处理和微生物联合煤炭脱硫技术可以大大缩短微生物脱硫周期.该研究结果可为开发新脱硫工艺提供参考.     

两种填埋结构中氨氮的空间变化规律研究

依据准好氧填埋和厌氧填埋的原理,构建了准好氧和厌氧填埋的实验室模拟装置,研究了2种填埋结构渗滤液中氨氮的空间分布规律。结果表明,准好氧填埋结构3层渗滤液中氨氮浓度都呈不断稳定下降的趋势,29周时上层、中层和下层渗滤液中氨氮浓度分别从填埋初的931.8、1796和3019 mg/L下降到25.6、328.9和820.1 mg/L;厌氧填埋结构3层渗滤液中氨氮浓度下降趋势不明显且波动性较大。准好氧填埋与厌氧填埋结构渗滤液中氨氮浓度表现出明显的空间层次效应,为下层>中层>上层。     

自动进样气相色谱法测定气体中的非甲烷烃

用泰德拉气体采样袋采样,自动进样气相色谱法测定气体中的非甲烷烃含量。甲烷、总烃的线性范围分别为0～2439,0—2066mg／m^3。进样量为1mL时,检出限为0．02mg／m^3（信噪比为3）。对3种不同浓度甲烷与丙烷混合标准气进行测定,重复性相对标准偏差为0．4％-1．0％。对4种不同性质的试样进行加标回收实验,加标回收率为96．7％-102．0％。5名实验人员分别用自动进样法及手动进样法分析4种不同性质的试样,自动进样法的重现性相对标准偏差为1．2％～1．8％,优于手动进样法的6．5％～8．3％。该法可一次连续测定21个试样,精密度高、重现性好、分析效率高。     

废水中甲醇分析方法的研究

建立了废水中甲醇的3种分析方法,毛细管柱气相色谱法、填充柱气相色谱法和变色酸分光光度法。测定废水中甲醇浓度相对标准偏差分别为1．45％,2．93％,3．61％,平均回收率分别为100．88％,98．19％,97．62％。实验结果表明：3种方法能较好对应,其中毛细管柱气相色谱法灵敏度最高,方法检出限为0．05mg／L。     

环保标识与区域性可持续发展评估

从“商品环境影响评估”的角度,探讨环境标识与可持续发展的因果关系。世界各地现已因应环境保法例及商品的市场需求,循“品质圈”的模式革新产品。虽然生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是环保标识的重要支柱,可惜迄今对估并需强化它在环境安全与健康资源运用、公众咨询、环境管理和审核（ＥＭ＆Ａ）、环境补偿和生态修复等重要领域的工作,确立它在区域性可持续发展中的战略作用。文章以香港为例案,探讨推动环境标识所面对的困难和解决方     

整全,互动和可持续的EIA：香港上水屠宰场的例案研究

以香港上水屠宰场的ＥＩＡ为例,阐述了ＥＩＡ过程须结合“清洁工艺”、“环境管理系统”、“持续生的本底监测”和“开放的公众咨询”四个重要单元,互动灵活,以增强环保效益、省时及经济。传统的ＥＩＡ较为被动,如果项目“倡议人”缺乏环保意识,就会妨碍了它的实质功能。通行的末期性公众咨询,很容易激发冲突,与西方冗长的公众参与同样妨碍进度。文章探讨互动式ＥＩＡ的优点,论证它对改善环评工序和可持续发展的重要性。     

Temporal characteristics from continuous measurements of PM2.5 and speciation at the Taipei Aerosol Supersite from 2002 to 2008

This study uses monitoring data collected at the Taipei Aerosol Supersite from March 2002 to February 2008 to analyze characteristics such as seasonal fluctuations, diurnal variations, and photochemical-related variations of PM_2.5 chemical compositions. The results indicate that the average of PM_2.5 mass concentration in Taipei during this period is 30.3 ± 16.0 μg m^?3. The highest average concentration of PM_2.5 components is that of sulfate, which accounts for 21.1% of the PM_2.5 mass, followed by organic carbon (OC) at 15.9%, nitrate at 5.8%, and elemental carbon (EC) at 5.4%. Concentrations of EC, OC, and nitrate have distinctive but similar seasonal fluctuations, which is highest in spring and lowest in fall. Sulfate concentration has less seasonal fluctuations, and the highest value appears during the fall. Similarly, concentrations of EC, OC, and nitrate have notable diurnal variations; however, the diurnal variation of sulfate concentration is not very apparent. These observation data show that EC, OC, and nitrate in PM_2.5 in the Taipei metropolis come mainly from local emissions, while sulfate comes mainly from the regional transport of pollutants. This is likely because Taiwan is located on the lee zone of the Asian prevailing winds from fall to spring; its air quality is frequently affected by the transport of air pollutants from Mainland China. In addition, the extent of increase in aerosols is much higher than that of CO, indicating the formation of secondary aerosol when photochemical activity is strong. Based on six years of observation data, this study explores three potential scenarios to set up Taiwan's PM_2.5 air quality standard (AQS). The analysis indicates that the optimum standard for 24-h air quality of PM_2.5 should be around 50 μg m^?3.     

Anthropogenic magnetic particles and heavy metals in the road dust: Magnetic identification and its implications

Magnetic properties of road dusts in the East Lake area in Wuhan, China, were measured and compared with the results of heavy metal analyses in order to delineate the sources of pollutants. A total of ninety-seven dust samples were collected spatially from four segments with different traffic density and field settings from the roads encircling the lake. Thermomagnetic and hysteresis measurements revealed that the dominant magnetic carrier is coarse-grained magnetite. Correlations between magnetic parameters and element concentrations with traffic density and distances to the industrial region revealed that elements Cu, Ni and Fe mainly originate from vehicle traffic, which is also the major source of coarser magnetic particles (e.g., pseudo-single-domain/multi-domain (PSD/MD) grains), while element Pb and the smaller grains such as single-domain (SD) magnetic particles mainly originate from industrial emissions. The ratio between anhysteretic remanent magnetization and low-field magnetic susceptibility (ARM/χ_lf) can be employed as an indirect indicator for Cu, Fe and Ni emissions resulting from vehicle traffic. Due to the intermixture of elements from different sources, the element concentrations are not conclusive about the pollution source. A linear correlation between magnetic concentration-related parameters (e.g., ARM and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization, SIRM) and the concentrations of major elements (e.g., Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and V) suggests that they can be used as a proxy for heavy metal pollution. Road dusts in four segments show different magnetic characteristics, indicating various influxes of anthropogenic magnetic materials from vehicle traffic and industrial plants due to the different traffic loads and field settings. These results suggest that magnetic measurements can serve as an efficient complementary tool for the routinely employed geochemical methods to map the heavy metal pollution and trace the sources of pollutants in the road dust.     

微气泡曝气O3／H2O2处理RO浓水的效能及影响因素

采用O3／H2O2高级氧化工艺处理炼油厂反渗透（RO）浓水,用溶气泵加压溶气并产生微气泡强化传质,确定装置运行条件,考察气体中臭氧浓度、O3／H2O2初始摩尔比、pH和温度对O3／H2O2处理RO浓水效果的影响,并对RO浓水处理效能进行研究。结果表明,随着气体中臭氧浓度的增加,COD的去除率基本呈线性增加;加入适当量H,0,能提高臭氧氧化RO浓水的效果,O3／H2O2初始摩尔比在0～0．8范围内,COD的去除率先增加后下降,O3／H2O2初始摩尔比为O．5时COD去除率最大;pH从6．84增加到9．01,COD去除率逐渐增大,pH为10．03时COD去除率反而降低;在14～28℃范围内,温度低时,升高温度COD去除率增加较大,温度较高时,升高温度对COD去除率的影响较小。为考察该工艺的稳定性,在H：0：／0,初始摩尔比为O．5、溶液pH为8～9、臭氧浓度为80～100mg／L、温度为10-28℃条件下,对COD为90～140mg／L的RO浓水氧化处理4～10h,出水COD维持在39．9～49．9mg／L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918—2002）》中的一级A标准;去除1gCOD消耗031．4～3．3g,消耗0,与H,02的总氧量为2．2～4．4g。