Determination and discussion hydraulic retention time in membrane bioreactor system

Based on the microorganism kinetic model, the formula for computing hydraulic retention time in a membrane bioreactor system (MBR) is derived. With considering HRT as an evaluation index a combinational approach was used to discuss factors which have an effect on MBR. As a result, the influencing factors were listed in order from strength to weakness as: maximum specific removal rate K, saturation constant Ks, maintenance coefficient m, maximum specific growth rate ,ua and observed yield coefficient Yobs. Moreover, the formula was simplified, whose parameters were experimentally determined in petrochemical wastewater treatment. The simplified formula is θ= 1.1( 1/β -1)(Kｓ S)/KXo , for oetroehemical wastewater treatment K and Ko eaualed 0.185 and 154.2, resoectively.     

Status of air pollution in Beijing

A study has been made on elements organic constituents, TSP, SO2,NO2 of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing. 17 elements, and some PAHs, e. g. B(a)P, B(b, j, k)P, and B(g, h, i)P, in airborne particles by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC, GC/MS, have been determined respectively. It has been shown that the elements Pb, Zn, S and Cu were more enriched in fine particles and different valence states of sulfur at various sites. It was found that the concentrations of S6+ and S2-were more than 85% and less than 15% of the total sulfur respectively. Concentrations of major PAHs and sulfur-containing compounds increased in winter and in urban area. High values for Pb and Zn in city, Fe and Mn at industrial area and Cu, Al rural sites were obtained respectively. This implies the functions of different elemental sources of various sites. Thus, elements can be from distingushed anthropogenic and natural sources.The main contribution of SO2 was found of to have same seasonal variation as the anthropogenic el     

Influence of environmental factors on arsenic accumulation and biotransformation using the aquatic plant species Hydrilla verticillata

Hydrilla verticillata(waterthyme) has been successfully used for phytoremediation in arsenic(As) contaminated water.To evaluate the effects of environmental factors on phytoremediation,this study conducted a series of orthogonal design experiments to determine optimal conditions,including phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and arsenate(As(Ⅴ))concentrations and initial pH levels,for As accumulation and biotransformation using this aquatic plant species,while also analyzing As species transformation in culture media after 96-hr exposure.Analysis of variance and the signal-to-noise ratio were used to identify both the effects of these environmental factors and their optimal conditions for this purpose.Results indicated that both N and P significantly impacted accumulation,and N was essential in As species transformation.High N and intermediate P levels were critical to As accumulation and biotransformation by H.verticillata,while high N and low P levels were beneficial to As species transformation in culture media.The highest total arsenic accumulation was(197.2±17.4) μg/g dry weight when As(V) was at level 3(375μg/L),N at level 2(4 mg/L),P at level 1(0.02 mg/L),and pH at level 2(7).Although H.verticillata is highly efficient in removing As(Ⅴ) from aquatic environments,its use could be potentially harmful to both humans and the natural environment due to its release of highly toxic arsenite.For cost-effective and ecofriendly phytoremediation of As-contaminated water,both N and P are helpful in regulating As accumulation and transformation in plants.     

混凝-Fenton-BAF深度处理垃圾渗滤液中试研究

针对经过SBR处理后,难以再进一步生化降解的垃圾渗滤液,提出混凝-Fenton-曝气生物滤池(BAF)工艺进行深度处理.首先利用混凝去除SBR出水的悬浮性有机物,降低Fenton试剂的处理成本;然后采用Fenton试剂进行氧化处理,既降低垃圾渗滤液的COD值,又提高其可生化性,最后通过BAF工艺去除有机物,实验结果表明,在SBR出水COD为600～800 mg/L的情况下,最终出水的COD低于80 mg/L,处理成本仅为2.6元/t.     

RBCA、CLEA及CalTOX模型在苯并[a]芘污染场地健康风险评估中的应用比较

为探讨不同模型对污染场地健康风险评估结果的影响,以苯并[a]芘为例,采用RBCA、CLEA和CalTOX模型对某工业污染场地表层土壤进行健康风险评估,分析了评估结果的差异和原因,同时对模型的主要暴露参数进行了敏感性分析,并推导出基于风险概率分布的土壤修复限值.结果表明,RBCA、CLEA和CalTOX模型计算的苯并[a]芘致癌总风险分别为2.40×10-4、632×10-4和7.04×10-6,且经口摄入和皮肤接触2个途径对人体健康造成的危害最大.降解作用是影响CalTOX模型风险评估结果不同于RBCA和CLEA模型的重要因素,3个模型间参数取值及方法学的差异也会导致风险评估结果不同.各模型暴     

蛋白组学技术的发展及在水生态毒理学中的应用

作为后基因组时代重要的研究工具,蛋白组学技术的发展对水生态毒理学研究产生了巨大的促进作用.对近年来应用于水生态毒理学研究中的蛋白组学技术的发展历程和应用现状进行了全面的阐述.从蛋白提取、蛋白分离和鉴定、蛋白定量等方面对蛋白组学研究技术的发展进行了系统的介绍,重点介绍和比较了蛋白分离和鉴定技术中的基于胶的技术和非胶技术.在简介蛋白组学技术发展的基础上,以蛋白的识别和定量,特定功能蛋白的研究,蛋白相互作用研究这3个蛋白组学的研究方向为切入点,详细阐述了各类技术在水生态毒理学研究中的应用,如蛋白组学在阐明各种污染物对水生生物的毒性作用机制方面的应用,以及在水体污染状况的监测和评价方面的应用等.最后,     

金属污染物对神经系统损害及毒性机制研究进展

神经系统与生物体其他系统联系密切,共同维持机体正常的结构和功能.环境中的金属污染物可通过多种途径进入生物体,干扰幼年或成年动物神经系统的发育和功能,其损害机制是目前研究的热点.本文系统地总结了汞、铅和铝等金属污染物对神经系统的损害作用,着重在细胞、分子和基因水平上阐述了金属对神经系统的毒性机制,在此基础上分析了当前研究的不足之处和发展趋势,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对土壤跳虫的急、慢性毒性效应

为揭示溴代阻燃剂对土壤生态系统的潜在危害,采用回避实验和繁殖实验评价了十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对2种土壤跳虫Folsomia candida和Folsomia fimetaria的急/慢性毒性.48 h的急性回避实验中,BDE-209对F.candida和F.fimetaria产生毒性效应的EC50值分别为1.27和0.79 mg· kg,LOEC值均小于0.5 mg· kg.慢性繁殖实验中,BDE-209对F.candida和F.fimetaria繁殖毒性的EC50值分别为0.81和0.56 mg ·kg-1,LOEC值分别为＜0.25和＜0.5 mg· kg-1.研究表明,土壤BDE-     

爬行动物应用于毒理学研究的现状

在系统介绍了爬行动物作为受试生物在毒理学研究中的应用现状基础上,总结了不同污染物对常见爬行动物个体和器官水平的毒害作用,重点综述了蜥蜴和龟毒理学研究进展.同时,论述了研究爬行动物毒理学的重要性,提出适合不同毒理学实验使用的爬行动物物种,并指出了爬行动物毒理学今后研究的重点及面临的难题.     

全氟辛酸(PFOA)对蚯蚓的毒性作用

为考察全氟化合物的土壤生态毒性,以赤子爱胜蚓为模式生物,通过人工土壤染毒方法研究全氟辛酸(PFOA)对蚯蚓急性毒性、回避行为和SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,PFOA对蚯蚓的急性毒性作用与染毒时间和染毒浓度相关,实验求得PFOA对蚯蚓毒性作用7和14 d的LC50值分别为81658和792.50 mg·kg-1;蚯蚓在160 mg·kg-1 PFOA暴露浓度下表现出明显的回避反应.在10～120 mg·kg-1PFOA长时间暴露下,蚯蚓体内SOD出现“低促高抑”的变化趋势,而GSH-Px则总体上被PFOA所抑制.