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421.
The estrogenic pollutants 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) were determined in surface water samples from the Haihe River, Tianjin, China. The analytes were extracted and concentrated from 300 ml acidified water samples by liquid–liquid extractions using dichloromethane, derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride, and quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with selected ion monitoring (SIM). Among the samples collected from 14 sampling sites, only one sample was found to have a relatively high concentration of BPA (8.30 μg l−1) and NP (0.55 μg l−1). The concentrations of OP, NP and BPA in the other samples were in the range of 18.0–20.2, 106–296 and 19.1–106 ng l−1, respectively. Recoveries for OP, NP and BPA in the spiked water samples were all over 80%. 相似文献
422.
Li J Gao X Goeckner B Kollakowsky D Ramme B 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2005,55(3):258-264
The coal-fired electric utility generation industry has been identified as the largest anthropogenic source of mercury (Hg) emissions in the United States. One of the promising techniques for Hg removal from flue gas is activated carbon injection (ACI). The aim of this project was to liberate Hg bound to fly ash and activated carbon after ACI and provide high-quality coal combustion products for use in construction materials. Both bench- and pilot-scale tests were conducted to liberate Hg using a thermal desorption process. The results indicated that up to 90% of the Hg could be liberated from the fly ash or fly-ash-and-activated-carbon mixture using a pilot-scale apparatus (air slide) at 538 degrees C with a very short retention time (less than 1 min). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) evaluation indicated no significant change in fly ash carbon particle morphology following the thermal treatment. Fly ash particles collected in the baghouse of the pilot-scale apparatus were smaller in size than those collected at the exit of the air slide. A similar trend was observed in carbon particles separated from the fly ash using froth flotation. The results of this study suggest a means for power plants to reduce the level of Hg in coal-combustion products and potentially recycle activated carbon while maintaining the resale value of fly ash. This technology is in the process of being patented. 相似文献
423.
424.
于2016年7~8月采集了陕西省西安市(城市)及蔺村(农村)夏季昼夜PM2.5样品,分析其有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和无机离子等化学组分的含量,探讨关中平原城市和农村地区PM2.5的化学组成和来源的差异.结果表明,采样期间西安和蔺村的PM2.5浓度分别为(49.7±22.8)和(62.6±14.2)μg/m3.西安PM2.5中OC和EC的浓度[(6.5±2.5)μg/m3,(3.2±1.8)μg/m3]与蔺村[(6.8±1.8)μg/m3,(3.8±2.3)μg/m3]相当.西安OC/EC比值白天(2.6)高于夜晚(1.9),蔺村反之(白天:1.6;夜晚:2.7),主要是因为夜间城市地区重型卡车运输活动增强导致排放更多EC,而夜间农村地区人为活动较少导致EC排放显著降低.西安和蔺村无机离子总浓度分别为(20.2±14.6)和(30.1±10.5)μg/m3,占PM2.5浓度的40.6%和47.6%.蔺村SO42-的平均浓度高达19.0μg/m3,占PM2.5浓度的30%以上,远高于西安(9.4μg/m3和18.9%),主要与农村固体燃料(煤和生物质)使用有关.西安NO3-和Ca2+的浓度及其对PM2.5的贡献、NO3-/SO42-比值均明显大于蔺村,表明城市地区受机动车尾气和扬尘的影响更大.西安K+与Ca2+和Mg2+的相关性较强,而蔺村K+与EC的相关性显著强于西安,说明西安市区K+由粉尘源主导,而农村地区则主要来自生物质燃烧. 相似文献
425.
针对醇胺类吸收剂富液中CO_2的解吸及后续处置所存在的不足,提出一种新型解吸方案——钙法.通过CO_2负荷试验和Ca(OH)_2投加量试验确定了该法理想处理负荷为0.84 mol·L-1,理想投加比例为C∶Ca=1∶1(摩尔比),此条件下反应15 min和30 min的解吸率达到52.17%和55.02%,这表明钙法矿化解吸乙醇胺富液中CO_2是可行的.在此基础上,进一步研究了pH、温度和搅拌强度对CO_2解吸固定效果的影响.试验结果表明,CO_2解吸率随着pH和搅拌强度的增加而增大,但当pH和搅拌强度增大到一定程度后,解吸率增长放缓甚至出现下降.较高的解吸温度尽管解吸率更大,但高温条件下无法达到矿化固定CO_2的目的.CO_2二次吸收负荷试验表明经钙法解吸后的MEA再生液具有良好的可重复使用性. 相似文献
426.
中国2000—2010年耕地低效转化的空间特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
耕地向经济效益相对较低的用地类型转化具有多重社会及生态效应。论文首先将耕地向草地、灌丛地和裸地的转化定义为“耕地低效转化”,然后以GlobeLand30为基础,提取2000—2010年的低效转化耕地,并结合耕地资源禀赋和地形条件,从多尺度、多角度深入揭示了我国耕地低效转化的空间分布特征。结果表明:1)全国总体的耕地低效转化率仅为1.50%,但区域差异明显,空间分布极不均衡;2)耕地低效转化依照地势的三级阶梯呈现明显的区域分异规律,农牧交错带的耕地转化问题最为严重,但耕作条件好、原有耕地比例高的东部地区,耕地低效转化水平一般较低;3)耕地低效转化率大体随海拔和坡度的增加而增加,但会受到地形复杂度的影响。 相似文献
427.
Yangtze River Delta(YRD) area is one of the important economic zones in China. However,this area faces increasing environmental problems. In this study, we use ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy(MAX-DOAS) network in Eastern China to retrieve variations of NO_2, SO_2, and formaldehyde(HCHO) in the YRD area. Three cities of YRD(Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai) were selected for long-term observations. This paper presents technical performance and characteristics of instruments, their distribution in YRD, and results of vertical column densities(VCDs) and profiles of NO_2, SO_2, and HCHO.Average diurnal variations of tropospheric NO_2 and SO_2 in different seasons over the three stations yielded minimum values at noon or in the early afternoon, whereas tropospheric HCHO reached the maximum during midday hours. Slight reduction of the pollutants in weekends occurred in all the three sites. In general trace gas concentrations gradually reduced from Shanghai to Hefei. Tropospheric VCDs of NO_2, SO_2, and HCHO were compared with those from Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI) satellite observations, resulting in R~2 of 0.606, 0.5432, and 0.5566, respectively. According to analysis of regional transports of pollutants, pollution process happened in YRD under the north wind with the pollution dissipating in the southeast wind. The feature is significant in exploring transport of tropospheric trace gas pollution in YRD, and provides basis for satellite and model validation. 相似文献
428.
Ci Zhang Xiaohui Lu Jinghao Zhai Hong Chen Xin Yang Qi Zhang Qianbiao Zhao Qingyan Fu Fei Sh Jing Jin 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2018,30(10):118-132
To investigate formation mechanisms of secondary organic carbon(SOC) in Eastern China,measurements were conducted in an urban site in Shanghai in the summer of 2015. A period of high O_3 concentrations(daily peak 120 ppb) was observed, during which daily maximum SOC concentrations exceeding 9.0 μg/(C·m~3). Diurnal variations of SOC concentration and SOC/organic carbon(OC) ratio exhibited both daytime and nighttime peaks. The SOC concentrations correlated well with O_x(= O_3+ NO_2) and relative humidity in the daytime and nighttime, respectively, suggesting that secondary organic aerosol formation in Shanghai is driven by both photochemical production and aqueous phase reactions. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to examine the formation pathways of SOC. Along with the daytime increase of SOC, the number fraction of elemental carbon(EC) particles coated with OC quickly increased from 38.1% to 61.9% in the size range of 250–2000 nm, which was likely due to gas-to-particle partitioning of photochemically generated semi-volatile organic compounds onto EC particles. In the nighttime, particles rich in OC components were highly hygroscopic, and number fraction of these particles correlated well with relative humidity and SOC/OC nocturnal peaks. Meanwhile, as an aqueous-phase SOC tracer, particles that contained oxalate-Fe(III) complex also peaked at night. These observations suggested that aqueous-phase processes had an important contribution to the SOC nighttime formation. The influence of aerosol acidity on SOC formation was studied by both bulk and single particle level measurements, suggesting that the aqueous-phase formation of SOC was enhanced by particle acidity. 相似文献
429.
海藻糖强化厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺处理高盐废水的脱氮除碳效能 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
采用SBR反应器研究海藻糖强化厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺(SAD)处理高盐水的脱氮除碳效能及其动力学特性.当海藻糖为0.25 mmol·L~(-1)时反应器具有最佳的脱氮效能,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N和COD均可以被完全去除,与没有添加海藻糖相比,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和总氮去除率分别提高了50%、43%和46%,氨氮去除速率(ARR)和亚硝氮去除速率(NRR)分别提高了81.25%和75%.当海藻糖浓度进一步提升至0.5 mmol·L~(-1)时,NH_4~+-N去除率(ARE)仅为58.82%,出水NH_4~+-N浓度下降为33.25 mg·L~(-1).相比于Haldane模型和Aiba模型,Luong模型更适合拟合海藻糖添加条件下SAD的脱氮性能.由其得到的NRRmax、KS、Sm和n分别为0.954 kg·(m3·d)-1、0 mg·L~(-1)、184.785 mg·L~(-1)和0.718.与修正的Logistic模型和修正的Boltzman模型相比,修正的Gompertz模型得到的预测值与实验值最为贴近,修正的Gompertz模型更适合描述海藻糖添加条件下单周期内基质的降解过程. 相似文献
430.