热带海洋环境中5083铝合金腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究某岛礁不同海洋区带环境中5083铝合金的腐蚀规律。方法 在某岛礁进行海洋多区带腐蚀试验,利用表面微观形貌观测、腐蚀产物分析、质量损失测试及点蚀深度测量等手段,对比分析铝合金在不同海洋区带中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率和点蚀深度。结果 5083铝合金在某岛礁海洋全浸区带环境中的腐蚀速率最大,大气区带中的腐蚀速率最小,在潮差区带的腐蚀速率介于二者之间。试样在海洋不同区带主要发生局部腐蚀,大气区试样的最大点蚀深度最大,而潮差区试样的最大点蚀深度最小。在不同海洋区带,铝合金腐蚀产物和附着物的混合物中均含有钙元素,大气区钙元素含量远低于潮差区和全浸区,潮差区和全浸区铝合金表面的腐蚀产物和附着物混合物中主要含有CaCO₃、CaSiO₃和Al₂O₃。结论 不同海洋区带环境中,5083铝合金的腐蚀速率差别较大,潮差区和全浸区材料表面附着大量污损生物和矿物质。     

废纸造纸废水结垢原因及防治对策研究

针对无锡某废纸造纸企业产生的污水经厌氧-好氧-化学混凝处理后,出水在放流池产生结垢现状,对各段污水中主要离子浓度进行跟踪分析,并对结垢的组分、结垢原因、机理和防治结垢对策进行了探讨。结果表明:垢样的主要成分为CaCO3;污水中含有较高浓度的钙离子和碳酸氢根离子是导致结垢的主要原因,较高的水温、pH值、流速、流动状态、池壁的粗糙程度以及PAC的投加对结垢也有一定的影响;最佳防治对策为使用Ca(OH)2+PAM代替PAC+PAM混凝,保证COD达标排放同时,也解决了出水结垢问题。     

工业废水中多金属离子的吸附净化

以含有Si、Al、Ca、C元素的矿物材料作为基质,经特定条件处理后造粒成型加工成轻质多孔Si-Al-Ca-C结构的吸附材料。研究了该吸附材料对工业废水中多种金属离子的吸附性能,探讨了影响吸附性能的因素。研究结果表明,在一定条件下,Si-Al-Ca-C吸附材料对工业废水中Al3+、Ca2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Mg2+、As3+和Zn2+的净化率分别高达99.34%、99.82%、98.26%、98.16%、97.76%、97.01%、100%和89.09%。金属离子残留浓度分别为0.152、0.07、0.012、0.02、0.119、0.311、0和0.259 mg/L,均低于国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

Photodegradation mechanism of two dyes: the influence of adsorption behavior on the novel TiO2 particles

The relationship between adsorption behavior and photocatalytic mechanism of the two dyes was investigated. Adsorption isotherms showed that the adsorption of cationic pink FG was Langmuir type behavior, while the reactive brilliant red k-2G was Freundlich type behavior. The increasing pH favored the adsorption of FG but have little effect on the photodegradation. The increasing pH favored the adsorption and the photodegradation of k-2G. The presence of scavenger of hvb^ and OH. radical potassium iodide inhibited the degradation of k-2G, free radicals scavenger tetranitromethane inhibited the photodegradation of FG. These results indicated that the photodegradation of FG mainly via free radicals in solution, and the photodegradation of k-2G was mainly on the catalysts surface or near the interface of solid and solution by react with hvb^ and surface-bound OH.. The different effect of SO4^2- , HCO3^- on the adsorption and photodegradation of two dyes confirmed these results.     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

后石油时代沙生灌木直燃发电对环境的影响＊

文章通过对内蒙古中西部地区沙生灌木的成分分析,基于生命周期法(LCA),定量论证了沙生灌木直燃发电开发模式对环境的影响和推广的可行性,指出相比石油等传统能源,这种模式具有较大的潜在效益,对于我国发展绿色替代能源,促进西部地区生态环境和经济协调发展具有一定的战略意义。     

生理毒代动力学模型及其在有机污染物水生生态毒理研究中的应用

人类生产和生活使用各种人工合成的化学品,种类和数量急剧增长,对生态系统和人体健康造成了极大威胁。因此,亟需采用高效的方法对数量巨大的化合物进行毒性评价。对生理毒代动力学(PBTK)模型的建立过程及其在污染物生态毒理研究中的应用进行了综述。PBTK模型,又称生理药代动力学(PBPK)模型,是利用生理学和解剖学等原理,将生物体简化为用血流连接的肝、肾和脂肪等各组织器官房室,模拟化合物在生物体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程。模型参数包括生理参数和生化参数2个部分,可用MATLAB等软件进行模拟。模型已应用于数百余种有机污染物在鱼体等水生生物体的毒代动力学模拟。已有模拟结果能够预测化合物在生物体内的有效剂量,对化合物毒性进行评估,并可用于不同物种、不同剂量和不同暴露途径间的外推,有力推进了污染物生态毒理研究工作的开展。     

不同粒径方解石在不同pH值时对磷的等温吸附特征与吸附效果

以天然方解石为材料,研究了不同pH值与不同粒径方解石对磷吸附效果的影响.实验设置了不同质量浓度磷系列溶液,加人1g不同粒径,即小于100目、100～180目、180～325目和325目的方解石,在PH值分别为9.00±0.02、7.00±0.02和6.00±0.02时.研究方解石对磷的吸附效果,并用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型对等温吸附线进行了拟合.结果表明,方解石对磷的吸附等温线能较好地用Freundlich方程来拟合.方解石的粒径越小,对磷的吸附能力越强,在本实验选取的粒径范围内,325目方解石对磷酸盐的吸附效果最好;但180～325目方解石对磷的吸附能力与325目方解石的差别不大,实际应用中,选用180～325目方解石即可取得对磷的较好的吸附效果.pH值是影响方解石吸附磷的重要因素,pH为6时,由于方解石微溶产生的Ca2 与水体中PO3-4结合形成Ca-P化合物,使其吸附磷效果较好;pH≥7时,通过方解石吸附作用、与碳酸钙共沉作用及以方解石作为结晶核的钙磷化合物结晶作用去除磷;pH为9时方解石对PO3-4吸附效果好于pH值为7时.     

Determination of ammonium on an integrated microchip with LED-induced fluorescence detection

A simply fabricated microfluidic device integrated with a fluorescence detection system has been developed for on-line determination of ammonium in aqueous samples. A 365-nm light-emitting diode (LED) as an excitation source and a minor band pass filter were mounted into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microchip for the purpose of miniaturization of the entire analytical system. The ammonium sample reacted with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) on-chip with sodium sulfite as reducing reagent to produce a fluorescent isoindole derivative, which can emit fluorescence signal at about 425 nm when excited at 365 nm. Effects of pH, flow rate of solutions, concentrations of OPA-reagent, phosphate and sulfite salt were investigated. The calibration curve of ammonium in the range of 0.018-1.8 μupg/mL showed a good linear relationship with R² = 0.9985, and the detection limit was (S/N = 3) 3.6 × 10^-4 μupg/mL. The relative standard deviation was 2.8% (n = 11) by calculating at 0.18 μupg/mL ammonium for repeated detection. The system was applied to determine the ammonium concentration in rain and river waters, even extent to other analytes fluorescence detection by the presented device.     

好氧颗粒污泥沉降选择实验研究与定量描述

以序批式反应器培养的成熟好氧颗粒污泥为对象,研究沉淀高度对颗粒数、比重、污泥浓度、粒径分布及选择系数的影响.结果表明,随着沉淀高度的增加,污泥浓度在沉淀时间为30 s时由0.24 mg.L-1明显增加至6.07 mg.L-1,平均粒径从450μm增加到550μm,颗粒圆形度增加12.67%,而复杂度减小13.47%,说明粒径较大、形状较规则的颗粒沉降较快,从而更易在沉降选择过程中得以保留.根据选择压原理,结合颗粒污泥沉降实验结果引入选择系数.实验和计算结果显示,在任意沉淀高度,选择系数随粒径和密度的增大而增加.随着沉淀高度的增加,直径>600～800μm的颗粒选择系数增加,小颗粒趋势与之相反,说明增大排水比有利于大颗粒保留而絮体被筛选出反应器,而低的排水比会使污泥颗粒化过程放缓.该研究结果可望对加速污泥颗粒化过程和提高其稳定性提供科学的理论依据和指导.