气象灾害灾情评估指标研究与应用——以陕西为例

为了定量评估气象灾害造成的灾情,利用陕西1984-2007年气象灾害普查数据库,建立人员死亡率、农作物种植面积受灾率、直接经济损失率3个灾情因子评估指数并计算灾情综合指数,构建灾情因子和综合灾情年景定量评估指标,将气象灾情年景分为严重、较严重、一般、较轻和轻5类。利用建立的年景评估指标对陕西2008-2010年气象灾害灾情年景进行评估,应用到年度气候影响评价业务服务中。分析每种气象灾害灾情因子指数和灾情综合指数多年平均值,确定陕西危害度最大的气象灾害依次为暴雨、干旱、冰雹、连阴雨、气象地质灾害等。研究结果表明:陕西气象灾害造成的人员死亡率呈现减少趋势,多年平均值为3.23/百万,直接经济损失率变化趋势不明显,多年平均值为1.51%,农作物种植面积受灾率呈明显增加趋势,多年平均值为21.99%。     

化学品足迹:概念、研究进展及挑战

化学品污染被联合国环境规划署列为影响人类生存与发展的全球重大环境问题之一。为实现可持续的化学品管理,需定量评价产品生命周期内由化学品排放造成的生态影响。然而,当前的化学品风险评价指标体系往往指向零碎的危害性或毒性终点,未能综合出整体性指标来定量表征生态系统所承受的损害,亦不能衡量人类活动排放的化学品总量与环境承载容量的相对大小。作为环境足迹一员,化学品足迹继承了"足迹"指标的特点,可定量表征生态系统受化学品影响的程度,并结合生态阈值及环境承载容量,有助于评价人类活动对环境可持续性的影响,有望成为公众、企业、决策者及利益相关者之间相互交流的重要工具。本文概述了化学品足迹的基本概念及其发展历程,介绍了现有的化学品足迹计算方法及其应用于不同空间尺度下的案例研究,讨论了化学品足迹研究中存在的问题与挑战,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

长期施肥潮土土壤呼吸的温度和水分效应

温度和水分是影响土壤呼吸的重要因素.利用室内培养试验研究因长期施用不同肥料造成有机质含量存在差异的土壤在不同土壤水分含量(30%WFPS、45%WFPS、60%WFPS、75%WFPS 和90%WFPS)和培养温度(5 ℃、15 ℃、25 ℃、35 ℃)下的土壤呼吸.结果表明,土壤水分含量和培养温度对土壤呼吸既表现出相互制约作用,在一定范围内又具有相互促进作用.施肥影响着土壤呼吸所需的最适水分含量,不均衡施肥处理的土壤呼吸所需最适土壤水分含量高于均衡施肥处理的土壤.培养温度也影响土壤呼吸的最适水分含量,土壤呼吸所需最适水分随培养温度升高而升高.土壤水分含量的增加可增加土壤呼吸的Q10.施肥特别是施有机肥而增加的土壤有机碳的释放速率是最快的.因此,气温升高和降水增加等气候变化趋势下,不利于通过施用有机肥来增加农田土壤有机碳储量.     

C_4植物甜高粱和玉米幼苗对Zn胁迫的响应差异

实验采用营养液培养法,设置2,50,100,500和1000μmol·L^-1浓度ZnSO4处理,比较C4植物甜高粱（Sorghum bicolor（L．）Moench．）和玉米（Zea mays．L）幼苗对Zn胁迫的响应差异。结果表明,甜高粱对重金属Zn胁迫的敏感性强于玉米,随着Zn处理浓度加大,前者幼苗苗高、根长、单株干物质量、叶绿素含量和根系活力的下降幅度及丙二醛含量的上升幅度皆大于后者,玉米对Zn胁迫的耐受性强于甜高粱。在处理浓度达到500μmol·L^-1之前,甜高粱和玉米体内吸收的Zn随处理浓度加大显著递增,达500μmol·L^-1之后,玉米根系积累的Zn不再明显增加。在处理浓度达到和高于100μmol·L^-1时,甜高粱由根系向地上部转运的Zn显著高于玉米。甜高粱和玉米对zn胁迫的敏感性差异可能缘于它们的吸收和转运差异。     

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对紫红笛鲷鳃抗氧化酶活性的影响

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)是目前唯一仍在全球范围内广泛使用的多溴联苯醚阻燃剂,其环境行为及生物效应逐渐成为环境污染领域研究的热点。选用2(LD组)、10(MLD组)、50(MHD组)及250μg.L-1(HD组)4个浓度的BDE-209作用于紫红笛鲷,探讨BDE-209对紫红笛鲷鳃抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT及POD)活性和MDA含量的影响。结果显示:BDE-209可以显著促进SOD和CAT活性,且随着暴露时间延长CAT活性呈现逐渐增加的趋势。暴露7d后,MLD组SOD活性达到最高68.31U.mg-1,是对照组(CK)的5.50倍,HD组CAT活性达到6.31U.mL-1,其次为MHD组的5.96U.mL-1。BDE-209对鳃POD活性呈现先促进后抑制的作用,暴露3d时各浓度POD活性均显著高于CK组(P<0.05);7d时各浓度POD活性则受到显著抑制(P<0.05),清水恢复15d后各浓度组与CK组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。暴露期间各浓度组MDA含量均显著高于CK组(P<,并且随暴露时间延长呈现先增加后减少的趋势,7d后HD组MDA含量达到最高,为6.99nmol.mg-1,清水恢复15d后,LD和MLD组MDA含量与CK组没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明:BDE-209可以诱导紫红笛鲷产生氧化应激效应,CAT和SOD则在氧自由基清除中发挥作用。     

论健全环境影响评价法律制度的几个问题

环境影响评价制度是从源头控制环境污染和生态破坏的法律手段,但中国的环境影响评价制度在实施中却存在执行率高、效果差的尴尬困境.探讨了健全环境影响评价制度的指导思想和途径,并从完善战略环境影响评价制度、环境影响评价审批制度、公众参与制度、法律责任制度等方面进行了具体论述.     

北京市妫水河流域景观生态学分析

基于GIS的空间分析平台,以景观生态学的方法建模,分析了北京市妫水河流域的景观格局特征,并与妫水河平原的景观格局特征进行了比较,发现在妫水河平原范围内,由于人为干扰程度的加剧,整体生态格局的异质性下降、碎裂化增加,景观生态格局的稳定性和安全性比之妫水河流域有所下降.分析了妫水河流域面临的问题及其原因,进而提出妫水河流域生态恢复的建议和措施.     

一种未见报道的厌氧氨氧化菌分子生物学鉴定

以(NH4):SO4和NaNO2作为基质,富集厌氧氨氧化污泥.提取厌氧氨氧化污泥中细菌总DNA,纯化后使用特异性引物对厌氧氨氧化菌16S rDNA进行PCR扩增.扩增产物连接到pMD19-T载体,将载体转化到感受态细胞大肠杆菌JM109中,并对其16S rDNA基因进行测序.将测序结果进行系统发育树分析,发现富集得到的厌氧氨氧化菌与Candidatus Anammoxoglobus propionicus进化关系比较接近,是一种尚未见报道的厌氧氨氧化菌.     

Resolving the variability of CDOM fluorescence to differentiate the sources and fate of DOM in Lake Taihu and its tributaries

Taihu Basin is the most developed area in China, which economic development has resulted in pollutants being produced and discharged into rivers and the lake. Lake Taihu is located in the center of the basin, which is characterized by a complex network of rivers and channels. To assess the sources and fate of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters, we determined the components and abundance of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) within Lake Taihu and 66 of its tributaries, and 22 sites along transects from two main rivers. In Lake Taihu, there was a relative less spatial variation in CDOM absorption a_CDOM(355) with a mean of 2.46 ± 0.69 m⁻¹compared to the mean of 3.36 ± 1.77 m⁻¹ in the rivers. Two autochthonous tryptophan-like components (C1 and C5), two humic-like components (C2 and C3), and one autochthonous tyrosine-like component (C4) were identified using the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model. The C2 and C3 had a direct relationship with a_CDOM(355), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The separation of lake samples from river samples, on both axes of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), showed the difference in DOM fluorophores between these various environments. Components C1 and C5 concurrently showed positive factor 1 loadings, while C4 was close to the negative factor 1 axis. Components C2 and C3 showed positive second factor loadings. The major contribution of autochthonous tryptophan-like components to lake samples is due to the autochthonous production of CDOM in the lake ecosystems. The results also showed that the differences in geology and associated land use control CDOM dynamics, such as the high levels of CDOM with terrestrial characteristics in the northwestern upstream rivers and low levels of CDOM with increased microbial characteristics in the southwestern upstream rivers. Most of river samples from the downstream regions in the eastern and southeastern plains had a similar relative abundance of humic-like fluorescence, with less of the tryptophan-like and more of the tyrosine-like contributions than did samples from upstream regions.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in water and suspended particulate matter from the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China

The residues of 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface water and HCHs and DDTs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) from rivers and lakes in Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China, were investigated. The concentration of total OCPs in surface water varied from 1.01 to 46.49 ng l⁻¹ (mean 10.55 ng l⁻¹). The levels of total HCHs (ΣHCH) and total DDTs (ΣDDT) in surface water were in the range of 0.55–28.07 ng l⁻¹ and lower than detection limit to 16.71 ng l⁻¹, respectively, which was lower than Chinese standards on the whole. For OCPs residues in SPM, the mean levels varying from 0.20 to 34.72 ng l⁻¹ and 0.46 to 2.72 ng l⁻¹ for ΣHCH and ΣDDT, respectively, which ranked the relatively higher levels among Chinese studied rivers. Results from this investigation showed that previous excessive usage of technical OCPs was the main reason for the residues of HCHs and DDTs both in surface water and SPM, although some new sources were likely to occurred in the region. Apart from the OCPs in SPM originated from upstream in flood season, one of the important sources of OCP residues both in water and SPM in Yangtze River was supposed to be the inputs of its tributaries. Additionally, in situ water-SPM phase distributions of OCPs indicated that HCHs tended totransport with water as well as DDTs was prone to combine with SPM in Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan.