居民为改善城市河流黑臭现象的支付意愿研究——以滏阳河衡水市区段为例

滏阳河衡水市区段严重的黑臭污染给两岸的居民造成了工作、生活舒适性的威胁, 严重破坏了周围的环境景观.本研究采用意愿调查价值评估法,以滏阳河衡水市区段沿岸人口较稠密的21个居民区为调查对象,运用调查问卷调查居民对滏阳河环境改善的支付意愿.研究结果表明:衡水市居民为改善滏阳河水体黑臭的平均支付意愿是 66.82元/(户·年),全市总支付意愿是633.8万元/年,说明全市人民对滏阳河的治理需求还是非常迫切的.     

碳氮磷比失调对污水生物脱氮除磷的影响

我国南方城市污水普遍存在低碳相对高氮磷特征,本文介绍了同时生物脱氮除磷的机理、对碳源的需求与竞争,以及一些针对此类污水生物脱氮除磷的改进工艺及其在实际运用中的效果,并对此类污水的处理方向进行了展望。     

农药水环境化学行为研究进展

农药在水中的环境化学行为包括农药的光化学降解、水化学降解和农药对水生生物的毒性。结合国内外在农药水环境化学行为的研究进展,讨论了农药在水中的直接光解和间接光解行为;农药水化学降解的机理以及pH、温度对农药水化学降解的影响,并以藻类、鱼类等为例阐述了农药对水生动植物及水生生物群落的毒性。     

Highly efficient conversion of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with liquid hot water into ethanol at high solid loading

Liquid hot water (LHW), an environmental-friendly physico-chemical treatment, was applied to pretreat the sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Tween80, a non-ionic surfactant, was used to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated SCB. It found that 0.125 mL Tween80 /g dry matter could make the maximum increase (33.2%) of the glycan conversion of the LHW-pretreated SCB. A self-designed laboratory facility with a plate-and-frame impeller was applied to conduct batch hydrolysis, fed-batch hydrolysis, and the process of high-temperature (50°C) fed-batch hydrolysis following low-temperature (30°C) simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) which was adopted to overcome the incompatible optimum temperature of saccharification and fermentation in the SSF process. After hydrolyzing LHW-pretreated SCB for 120 h with commercial cellulase, the total sugar concentration and glycan conversion obtained from fed-batch hydrolysis were 91.6 g/L and 68.3%, respectively, which were 9.7 g/L and 7.3% higher than those obtained from batch hydrolysis. With Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034 fermenting under the non-sterile condition, the ethanol production and theoretical yield obtained from the process of SSF after fed-batch hydrolysis were 55.4 g/L and 88.3% for 72h, respectively, which were 15.5 g/L and 24.7% higher than those from separate fed-batch hydrolysis and fermentation. The result of this work was superior to the reported results obtained from the LHW-pretreated SCB.     

环境管理战略转型研究综述

由于经济社会的发展伴随的环境问题越来越复杂,资源相对不足、环境容量有限越来越突出,环境管理转型问题引起越来越多的国内外学者关注。所谓环境管理转型,是指环境管理思维、策略和方式的转变,是以环境质量为目标导向,从被动应对向主动防控的转变。本文通过文献梳理的方法,综述了国内外学术界对于环境管理战略进行的多角度探讨。通过综述发现,国外学者主要注重环境管理理论研究,如环境管理的模型研究和不同环境管理战略的研究,且国外学者在研究不同环境管理战略时,研究对象多为微观层面的企业组织;而我国学者的研究则主要集中在宏观层面,即从国家的角度来探讨环境管理战略如何完成转型,从而促进我国经济社会的良性发展。现有的国内外研究是环境管理战略相关理论发展和实践推行的重要基础,在环境管理战略研究领域,本文认为还有一些问题需要进一步研究:一是环境管理的转型不仅需要宏观层面的统筹、微观方面的变革,也需要从中观层面来推进,所以中观层面的环境管理研究同样具有重要的现实意义。二是环境管理的转型不仅需要法律手段的支撑、经济手段的配置,也需要公民环保意识的觉醒,所以关于公民环保意识层面的研究也需要加强。     

Persistence of repeated triadimefon application and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity

The effects of repeated applications of the fungicide triadimefon in agricultural soil on the microbial functional diversity of the soil and on the persistence of the fungicide in the soil were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of triadimefon at the recommended dosage, simulated by a first-order kinetic model, were 23.90, 22.95, and 21.52 days for the first, second, and third applications, respectively. Throughout this study, no significant inhibition of the Shannon-Wiener index (H') was observed. However, the Simpson index (1/D) and the McIntosh index (U) were obviously reduced (p ≤ 0.05) during the initial 3 days after the first triadimefon application and thereafter, gradually recovered to or exceeded the level of the control soil. A similar trend in variation but with a faster recovery in the 1/D and U was observed after the second and third triadimefon applications, respectively. Taken together, the above results indicate that the repeated application of triadimefon enhanced the degradation rate of the fungicide and the recovery rate of the soil microbial functional diversity. It is concluded that repeated triadimefon applications in soil have a transient or temporary inhibitory effect on soil microbial communities.     

甲苯在两相厌氧系统中降解及其抑制作用

运用两相厌氧工艺处理含甲苯废水,甲苯浓度的提升对两相厌氧系统的高效性和稳定性影响较小。在提升进水中甲苯浓度的初期,即甲苯浓度≤20 mg/L时,产酸相COD去除率及酸化度下降,驯化一段时间后可恢复正常。当浓度高于150 mg/L时,甲苯将对产甲烷相微生物产生抑制作用,系统COD去除率开始下降。但进水甲苯浓度提高至200mg/L,两相厌氧系统对甲苯的去除率仍可达99%以上。在高浓度甲苯影响下,出水中高分子量物质增多,推测高浓度甲苯刺激微生物代谢分泌大分子物质。     

螺、蚌对污水处理厂再生水环境的改善稳定作用

通过选用昆明市第五污水处理厂的一级A标出水和水处理厂外排污泥作为静态实验环境,研究不同混养密度下铜锈环棱螺、椭圆背角无齿蚌对污水处理厂再生水环境的净化性能,筛选出净化效果较好的放养密度。结果表明:放养30 d,铜锈环棱螺、椭圆背角无齿蚌对污水处理厂再生水环境的水质、底质均有一定的净化作用,扣减空白对照影响,水中COD、TP、NH3-N及底泥有机质平均去除率分别为22.26%、26.10%、25.60%和25.69%,底泥厚度平均减少3.8 cm;与对照相比,放养螺蚌45 d内水均能清澈见底,透明度均>70 cm,能明显稳定水体透明度,改善水环境。综合螺蚌生长适应性和净化效果考虑:污水处理厂再生水静态环境中,螺蚌混养密度应≤3 000 g/m3,在2 000～2 500 g/m3为宜,其中铜锈环棱螺的最适放养密度在400 g/m3,椭圆背角无齿蚌为1 600～2 100 g/m3。     

三氯乙烯在苯酚菌中的共代谢降解性能研究

通过生物降解实验考察三氯乙烯(TCE)在苯酚驯化微生物中的共代谢降解性能,并进行动力学分析。结果表明,苯酚是TCE-苯酚共代谢过程必不可少的共代谢基质;TCE的共代谢降解与苯酚和TCE初始浓度有关。TCE在降解初期会出现一个短暂的迟滞期,TCE的大量降解要在苯酚被利用后才发生;高质量浓度TCE(>9mg/L)对共代谢降解有抑制作用。苯酚/TCE(质量比)在10～15以上时,苯酚菌对TCE的去除率较大。Haldane模型能够很好地拟合苯酚和TCE的比降解速率。动力学分析表明,微生物对苯酚的亲和力要大于TCE,苯酚对TCE共降解具有竞争性抑制作用,TCE对微生物存在毒性抑制作用;结果证实了生物降解实验的结论。     

混凝-生物接触氧化处理合成橡胶碱洗废水

对化学合成橡胶碱洗废水进行了有机组分和可生化性分析,废水主要含有氯甲烷、六甲苯、异丁醇、甲醇等污染物质,生化降解实验中废水TOC可在6 d内从60.9 mg/L下降至0.0 mg/L,可生化降解性好,适于生化处理。选择混凝-生物接触氧化组合工艺对废水进行处理,采用优化条件(pH=8、PAC=40 mg/L、PAM=8 mg/L)进行混凝,碱洗废水COD去除率为9.95%~72.94%(平均31.51%);混凝后的碱洗废水与冲洗废水1∶5混合进行接触氧化处理,在HRT为36 h的情况下,COD去除率为65.6%~72.6%(平均70.4%),出水COD为134~331 mg/L,满足企业废水排放市政管网的要求;同时,实验发现COD去除率与COD容积负荷存在指数函数变化关系。