基于模糊数学和灰色理论的城市生态环境竞争力评价

在综合分析了国内外有关城市竞争力理论研究的基础上,对城市生态环境竞争力的概念和内涵进行了界定,构建了面向生态环境竞争力的评价体系,并以山东省17城市为例,采用灰色系统理论确定各指标的权重,利用模糊综合评价法对各市进行综合评价,研究结果表明,生态环境竞争力排名前三的地市为临沂(0.1894)、日照(0.1705)和烟台(0.1676),而德州(0.1191)、济南(0.1232)、枣庄(0.1274)、滨州(0.1285)和淄博(0.1289)表现相对较差,其他地市处于中游水平.分别从资源禀赋竞争力、污染物减量排放竞争力、环境治理竞争力和能耗竞争力4个子维度对典型城市进行分析,指出了存在的问题,并给出了相应的对策建议.     

1980—2007年我国燃煤大气汞、铅、砷排放趋势分析

基于文献调研,对1980—2007年我国汞、铅、砷3种主要燃煤大气重金属排放清单进行归纳,计算了3种重金属的逐年平均排放量,并分析排放量与燃煤量的相关性、单位煤耗大气重金属污染物排放量的变化趋势及原因. 结果表明:1980—2007年我国燃煤大气汞、铅、砷排放量与燃煤量增长趋势基本一致,均呈显著正相关(R2分别为0.911、0.971、0.996),但燃煤大气汞排放量与燃煤量间的相关性却比铅、砷排放量与燃煤量的相关性小很多,这主要是燃煤电厂对汞协同脱除能力比对铅、砷强,以及电厂汞排放所占比例较大所致. 燃煤大气汞排放量在2005年后趋于稳定,而铅、砷排放量在2000年后快速增长,年均增速均超过10%,其中电厂和工业锅炉是重金属排放的重点行业. 在燃煤量不断增长的背景下,单位煤耗的大气汞、铅排放量均呈下降趋势,其中汞排放量在2005—2007年年均降低5.0%,铅排放量在1996—2007年年均降低1.7%. 这与我国主要燃煤行业除尘、脱硫、脱硝等大气污染控制装置对重金属的协同脱除能力不断增强有密切关系.      

多孔水化硅酸钙的制备及其磷回收特性

为实现磷资源的可持续利用,以环境废弃物电石渣为钙质材料,以白碳黑为硅质材料合成CSH(水化硅酸钙),以该材料为晶种,以结晶形成羟基磷灰石的形式从含磷废水中回收磷,重点研究了不同钙硅比〔c(CaO)/c(SiO₂)〕条件下制备的CSH对含磷废水中磷的回收特性. 结果表明,钙硅比为1.8∶1时所得的CSH结构更疏松、表面分布有较多的孔隙, 较大的比表面积使其具有较好的溶钙能力. 钙硅比为1.8∶1的CSH最佳磷回收工艺条件:反应时间为60min,CSH投加量为4g/L,搅拌强度为40r/min. 在该条件下重复除磷15次以后,回收产物中w(P)达到17.56%,说明CSH具有良好的磷回收性能. 对回收磷前后的CSH进行了XRD图谱分析和FTIR分析发现,溶液中的磷主要生成了羟基磷灰石并嵌入到CSH中. 基于回收磷的目的,CSH可以用于处理ρ(P)较高的工业废水,或者是生物除磷系统中的污泥厌氧释磷液中,回收磷后的产品可作为含磷矿石或者磷肥加以利用.      

酞菁-二氧化钛光催化剂的制备及其光催化降解效果

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备酞菁-TiO2光催化剂,并分别掺杂铁、铜、钴、镍元素。酞菁作为光敏化剂,提高TiO2在可见光下对有机染料的降解效果。采用SEM对催化剂进行表征,研究在可见光下酞菁-TiO2光催化剂对5种有机染料(甲基橙、甲基红、甲酚紫、亚甲基蓝和孔雀石绿)的降解效果,结果表明,酞菁铁-TiO2,酞菁钴-TiO2,酞菁铜-TiO2,酞菁镍-TiO2均能有效降解这几种有机染料,光催化反应300 min后降解率达92%。比较4种催化剂对甲基橙的降解率,酞菁钴-TiO2催化剂降解效果最明显,以下是酞菁铁、酞菁镍和酞菁铜-TiO2催化剂。     

镉的淡水水生生物水质基准研究

镉是一种有毒重金属,具有高毒性、难降解和易残留等特点,会对水生生物及水生态系统产生有害影响.为有效控制镉给水生生物带来的不利影响,亟需开展镉的水生生物基准研究,为水质标准的制订提供依据. 以我国淡水生态系统及其生物区系为保护对象,结合大量国内外文献报道的镉对我国淡水生物区系中代表物种的毒理学数据,运用评价因子法、毒性百分数排序法和物种敏感度分布法等当前国际上广泛使用的基准推导方法,研究我国淡水中镉的基准值及其推导过程. 结果表明:评价因子法得出的基准值为单值,其值为0.15 μg/L;毒性百分数排序法得出的基准值包括基准最大浓度和基准连续浓度,二者分别为7.30和0.12 μg/L;物种敏感度分布法得出的基准值分为短期危险浓度和长期危险浓度,二者分别为32.50和0.46 μg/L. 比较了3种方法的优缺点,以及与国内外已有研究基准值之间的差异及形成原因,分析了影响镉的水生生物基准的关键因素.      

基于噪声指数的首都经济贸易大学校园声环境评价

文章在对首都经济贸易大学校园进行声功能区环境噪声监测的基础上,分析和计算了各区域测点噪声超标值（△LAeq）、噪声指数（LKZ）和噪声污染指数（PN）;从强度和影响人群人数两个角度评价校园声环境质量。结果表明,首都经济贸易大学校园声环境质量处于较差的水平,噪声强度超标率达到82％;据此,课题对校园噪声污染现状进行了影响分析和声环境质量的等级评定,最后针对污染现状提出了相关措施和建议。     

Visible light responsive N-F-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol

Visible light responsive N-F-codoped TiO₂ photocatalysts exhibit a higher catalytic activity than N-doped TiO₂ for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol due to the synergistic effect of nonmetal elements.     

1999年与2014年贡嘎山峨眉冷杉枝和叶中常见重金属的生物富集特征对比

经济的快速发展使得生态环境的承载力日益接近上限,而关于偏远地区森林系统的重金属污染的时间变化趋势却鲜有报道.本文测定了贡嘎山1999年与2014年采集的峨嵋冷杉枝、叶中的Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn与Ba.结果表明：11999年枝、叶样品中Pb、Hg、As、Cd、Mn与Cu显著高于2014年的量,而2014年枝、叶样品中Cr、Zn和Ba高于1999年的量;2枝中Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn和Ba与生长龄无统一的变化趋势,而在叶中的含量随着生长龄的增加有增加的趋势;3Hg易在叶中富集,而其它元素更易在枝中富集;通过在主成分分析的基础上进行多元线性回归判断常见重金属元素的来源,枝、叶中的Pb、Cr、As、Cd、Cu、Zn和Ba有42.3%~92.2%的含量来自于土壤,而枝、叶中的Hg有70.6%的含量来自于大气.这说明Hg存在与其他重金属在森林系统不同的累积机制.     

Effect of oxide nanoparticles on the morphology and fluidity of phospholipid membranes and the role of hydrogen bonds

Engineered oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are widely applied in insulators, catalyzers, paints, cosmetic products, textiles and semiconductors. Their attachment on cell membrane may lead to cytotoxicity. The effects of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂ and ZnO NPs on membrane integrity and fluidity were studied using giant or small unilamellar vesicles in this study. Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs disrupted the oppositely charged membrane, indicating the important role of electrostatic attraction. However, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂ and ZnO NPs did not cause serious membrane disruption as Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs. Membrane fluidity was evaluated by the generalized polarity (GP) values of Laurdan fluorescent emission. SiO₂ NPs induce the membrane gelation of both positively and negatively charged membrane. Al₂O₃ and ZnO NPs induced the gelation of the oppositely charged membrane, but did not cause obvious membrane gelation to the like charged membrane. The phospholipid molecular structural changes after NP exposure were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra revealed the hydrogen bond formation between NPs and the carbonyl/phosphate groups of phospholipids. Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs showed strongest evidence of hydrogen bonding on their FT-IR spectra. It was consistent with the microscopic observation and fluorescent data that Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs caused more serious membrane disruption and gelation. This study on membrane damage provides further knowledge on the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials and the safety of NP application.     

Construction of vesicle CdSe nano-semiconductors photocatalysts with improved photocatalytic activity: Enhanced photo induced carriers separation efficiency and mechanism insight

Visible-light-driven photocatalysis as a green technology has attracted a lot of attention due to its potential applications in environmental remediation. Vesicle Cd Se nano-semiconductor photocatalyst are successfully prepared by a gas template method and characterized by a variety of methods. The vesicle Cd Se nano-semiconductors display enhanced photocatalytic performance for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride, the photodegradation rate of78.824% was achieved by vesicle Cd Se, which exhibited an increase of 31.779% compared to granular Cd Se. Such an exceptional photocatalytic capability can be attributed to the unique structure of the vesicle Cd Se nano-semiconductor with enhanced light absorption ability and excellent carrier transport capability. Meanwhile, the large surface area of the vesicle Cd Se nano-semiconductor can increase the contact probability between catalyst and target and provide more surface-active centers. The photocatalytic mechanisms are analyzed by active species quenching. It indicates that h+and UO_2~-are the main active species which play a major role in catalyzing environmental toxic pollutants. Simultaneously, the vesicle Cd Se nano-semiconductor had high efficiency and stability.