Distribution, accumulation and mobility of mercury in superficial sediment samples from Tianjin, northern China

Seventeen sediment samples at three representative sites (the Yuqiao Reservoir, the Haihe River and the Haihe River Estuary) in Tianjin, northern China, were analyzed to investigate the pollution status, accumulation and mobility of mercury (Hg). The results show that the Haihe River has to be considered as moderate to strongly contaminated with Hg (2 < mean I(geo) = 2.35 < 3), where total Hg contents were ca. 3 to 24 orders of magnitude greater than the regional background value. The sediments collected near a coal-fired power plant in an urban area were found to have very high Hg concentrations, which were significantly related to Hg emissions from coal-fired utility boilers. In the Yuqiao Reservoir, the surface sediments have to be considered as unpolluted with Hg (mean I(geo) = -0.05 < 0) and the Haihe River Estuary sediments have to be considered as unpolluted to moderately polluted with Hg (0 < mean I(geo) = 0.18 < 1). Sediment-bound Hg in the Yuqiao Reservoir and the Haihe River Estuary was found to be predominantly associated with the organo-chelated phase of the sediment (38.3% and 50.5%, respectively). However, unlike the Yuqiao Reservoir and the Haihe River Estuary, Hg in the Haihe River sediments existed mainly as sulfide Hg and elemental Hg, which accounted for 54.2% and 30.7% of total Hg, respectively. The availability of this element seemed restricted. The majority of Hg contamination in the Haihe River sediments had been attributed to historic and modern atmospheric deposition and Hg released from the Haihe River sediments didn't seem to be an important pollutant pathway into the Haihe River Estuary. The results provide new insights into Hg contamination in this region.     

Using a process-based model to understand dynamics of Chinese agricultural and water technology development from 8000 bc to 1911 ad

Advancements in technology are inextricably bound to our society and the natural environment. However, how the development process of a technology system interacts with both remains unclear. We propose a process model to understand the complex dynamics among technology, society, and the environment via seven interactive elements: technologies, actors, receiving bodies, natural contexts, social contexts, temporal–spatial contexts, and outcomes. The model was applied to agricultural and water technology development in China from 8000 bc to 1911 ad. Our findings show that these elements did not play equally important roles in different periods of the development in ancient China, with social contexts most dominating during the earlier periods and both social and environmental concerns arising towards the later periods. The proposed model, by identifying the elements in the technology development that should be strengthened, can act as an analysis device to assist in reconfiguring a more sustainable socio-technological system.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01424-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

中国的海啸灾害

从海啸的物理和发生条件分析了中国海啸的危险性：渤海、黄海和东海发生本地海啸的可能性很小；中国东部沿海受来自太平洋方面海啸的影响也很小；对中国东南沿海有较大影响的海啸发源地主要在南方，它们是菲律宾西侧的大地震、印度尼西亚巽他海峡的火山喷发以及中国南海的大型海底滑坡。虽然中国的海岸受海啸影响的可能性不大，但对于浪高5m的2级海啸而言，受到威胁的沿海地区的GDP占全国近1／4。从成灾的角度来看，小海啸大灾难的情况是有可能的。     

冲绳海槽浊流灾害性研究

沉积物表层样口和岩芯样口综合分析及浅层地震剖面判读解表明,晚更新世以来冲绳海槽持续发生和普遍存在浊流活动。通过对浊积层体积规模,发生频率,分布范围以及浊流形成条件的分析,探讨了浊流作用的灾害特点,后者可作为该区环境地质评价及海底工程设计的参考和依据。     

紫色土丘陵区退耕还林对坡地土壤碳氮空间分布的影响

为了弥补我国四川盆地紫色土丘陵区退耕还林对坡地土壤碳（C）和氮（N）时空分布影响的研究不足,依托中国科学院盐亭紫色土农业生态试验站在万安小流域建立的长期观测样地,对比分析了约30年历史的退耕林地及其邻近的坡耕地不同坡面位置土壤的C、N形态、含量及其储量. 结果发现,退耕还林后,显著增加了剖面土壤有机碳（SOC）含量及储量（P< 0.05）,其中表层土壤（0~20 cm）SOC储量增加了25.86 t·hm^-2,年均SOC储量增加速率为0.89 t·hm^-2. 土壤总氮（TN）含量虽略有增加,但仅限于0~20 cm土层. 退耕林地与坡耕地相比,速效C、N养分如,土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）和可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量在整个土壤剖面（0~70 cm）的差异性基本不显著（P> 0.05）. 此外,研究还发现空间位置对坡耕地土壤TN、SOC、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和DOC含量均有显著影响（P< 0.05）;土壤TN和SOC含量沿坡面的变化趋势大小为：下坡位>上坡位>中坡位,而土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和DOC含量沿坡面的变化趋势大小则为：上坡位<中坡位<下坡位. 退耕林地土壤仅DOC含量受坡位的显著影响,并沿坡面向下呈增加趋势. 结果表明,在评估紫色土丘陵区土地利用变化对土壤碳氮储量的影响时,不能忽视地形等因素的影响.     

Key strategies for the restoration of Dongting Lake in Middle Yangtze, China

The Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)has been estab-lished since 2015 by the Chinese Government as a strat-egy in regional economic development.Approximately 40...     

田湾核电站周边土壤及植物中137Cs含量调查及人群内辐射风险评价

为了调查田湾核电站运行后土壤环境中核素137Cs放射性水平的变化及评估其对当地居民的健康风险,采用现场采样测定的方法,分析了田湾核电站装料2年后周边土壤及植物中137Cs的放射性水平,并与运行前的本底调查结果进行了比较,同时利用放射性核素对人群内辐射风险评价模型结合田湾地区居民饮食情况对人群辐射风险进行了评估.结果表明,核电站运行2年后周边土壤中137Cs的放射性水平与运行前相比总体上没有明显变化,但个别村镇点位的137Cs放射性水平升高;核电站周边植物中137Cs的放射性水平均远低于我国相关国家标准(GB14882-1994)和运行前的本底值;田湾地区高公岛居民核素137Cs的年总摄入量为18.62Bq·a-1,远低于我国国标成人限值(GB14882-1994).通过摄入137Cs引起的人群内辐射总致癌风险较低,为1.51×10-7a-1,其中超过50%的风险来源于摄入鱼类海产品.     

化学混凝法强化城市污水一级处理的研究

对化学混凝法强化洛阳市涧西城市污水一级处理的效果进行了初步研究.实验中选择几种常用的混凝剂FeCl3、Al2(SO4)3、PAC、PFS和PAM,通过实验结果以及处理费用的比较,最终确定最佳混凝剂为聚合硫酸铁(PFS),且去浊率和CODCr去除率都较好,分别为98.29%和66.36%;其投药量为233 g/m3,处理费用为0.419 4元/t.     

利用细菌表面展示技术构建镉耐受性的重组根瘤菌

通过细菌表面展示功能基因InaXN、猴金属硫蛋白α亚基四聚体MT4α和两种启动子PnifH及Plac元件,分别构建两个重组质粒pTNIM和pBLIM.进一步通过三亲本杂交,将重组质粒分别导入费氏中华根瘤菌HN01,分别构建获得诱导表达型重组菌HN01(pTNIM)和组成表达型重组菌HN01(pBLIM).在培养条件下比较测定重组菌和出发菌对镉的吸附能力和耐受性,结果表明,组成表达型重组菌HN01(pBLIM)在上述两个方面的能力得到明显增强,对镉的吸附富集能力提高了2倍.研究还发现重组根瘤菌也具有很好的静态吸附效果.盆栽实验结果表明,接种诱导表达型重组菌HN01(pTNIM)的大豆根瘤和根中Cd2+的富集量均明显高于野生菌株HN01.本实验为后续探索重组根瘤菌与宿主植物共生体系在Cd2+污染土壤修复中的应用前景奠定了基础.     

胚胎期和哺乳期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露致大鼠学习记忆能力下降

为了探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的发育神经毒性,寻找PFOS发育神经毒性作用的敏感期,利用水迷宫和组织病理切片技术,研究了胚胎期和哺乳期暴露于PFOS后新生大鼠发育情况、学习记忆能力、抓力以及海马组织病理学改变。结果显示：PFOS导致仔鼠发育迟缓,睁眼期延迟。仔鼠出生后体重与对照组相比出现显著性降低。同一PFOS暴露浓度下,胚胎期暴露组体重低于哺乳期暴露组,抓力差异不显著。水迷宫实验结果显示,TT15(胚胎期和哺乳期均暴露于15 mg·L^-1 PFOS)和TC15(仅胚胎期暴露于15 mg·L^-1 PFOS)暴露组仔鼠逃避潜伏期显著高于对照组,且TC15暴露组仔鼠逃避潜伏期显著性高于CT15(仅哺乳期暴露于15 mg·L^-1 PFOS)暴露组。空间探索实验中,TT15暴露组仔鼠在目标象限的游泳时间显著性低于对照组,其他组无显著性差异。组织病理切片结果显示暴露组海马组织细胞数量减少,出现细胞凋亡现象。结果表明,PFOS造成仔鼠的发育延迟以及学习记忆能力下降的关键作用时期可能是胚胎期。