绿色化学与我国的纯碱工业

介绍了绿色化学研究的原则和特点;分析了我国纯碱工业实现绿色化的必要性,指出纯碱工业的可持续发展离不开绿色化学;详细讨论了纯碱工业绿色化的途径。     

柴油机排气微粒过滤催化处理技术及进展

介绍了柴油机微粒后处理催化捕集器特点 ,评述了过滤器催化再生方法 ,综述了蜂窝陶瓷载体涂层及催化剂活性组分研究现状。重点阐述了微粒再生催化剂研究进展及其发展趋势     

Impacts of pavement types on in-vehicle noise and human health

Noise is a major source of pollution that can affect the human physiology and living environment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an exposure for longer than 24 hours to noise levels above 70 dB(A) may damage human hearing sensitivity, induce adverse health effects, and cause anxiety to residents nearby roadways. Pavement type with different roughness is one of the associated sources that may contribute to in-vehicle noise. Most previous studies have focused on the impact of pavement type on the surrounding acoustic environment of roadways, and given little attention to in-vehicle noise levels. This paper explores the impacts of different pavement types on in-vehicle noise levels and the associated adverse health effects. An old concrete pavement and a pavement with a thin asphalt overlay were chosen as the test beds. The in-vehicle noise caused by the asphalt and concrete pavements were measured, as well as the drivers’ corresponding heart rates and reported riding comfort. Results show that the overall in-vehicle sound levels are higher than 70 dB(A) even at midnight. The newly overlaid asphalt pavement reduced in-vehicle noise at a driving speed of 96.5 km/hr by approximately 6 dB(A). Further, on the concrete pavement with higher roughness, driver heart rates were significantly higher than on the asphalt pavement. Drivers reported feeling more comfortable when driving on asphalt than on concrete pavement. Further tests on more drivers with different demographic characteristics, along highways with complicated configurations, and an examination of more factors contributing to in-vehicle noise are recommended, in addition to measuring additional physical symptoms of both drivers and passengers.Implications: While there have been many previous noise-related studies, few have addressed in-vehicle noise. Most studies have focused on the noise that residents have complained about, such as neighborhood traffic noise. As yet, there have been no complaints by drivers that their own in-vehicle noise is too loud. Nevertheless, it is a fact that in-vehicle noise can also result in adverse health effects if it exceeds 85 dB(A). Results of this study show that in-vehicle noise was strongly associated with pavement type and roughness; also, driver heart rate patterns presented statistically significant differences on different types of pavement with different roughness.     

454焦磷酸测序技术分析A+OSA污泥减量工艺真核生物特征

以缺氧-好氧(AO)工艺为参照,利用454焦磷酸测序技术研究了缺氧-好氧-沉淀-厌氧(A+ OSA)污泥减量工艺真核生物分布特征.实验结果表明,A+ OSA污泥减量工艺真核生物丰富度与多样性均低于AO参照工艺,两工艺主要真核生物门为环节动物门Annelida,纤毛虫门Intramacronucleata和SAR超类群(不等鞭毛生物Stramenopiles,囊泡虫Alveolates,有孔虫Rhizaria),Annelida及SAR相对含量在减量工艺中明显减低.纲水平分类结果表明,前口纲Prostomatea在减量工艺中消失,寡膜纲Oligohymenophorea在减量工艺贮泥池中成为优势真核生物.A+OSA污泥减量工艺贮泥池中选择性富集真核生物Oligohymenophorea表明微型生物捕食作用存在该工艺中,对减量工艺的污泥减量具有贡献.     

室内环境中持久性卤代有机污染物的人体暴露及潜在生殖健康影响

卤代持久性有机污染物(Hal-POPs),如多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、滴滴涕(DDT)等是环境中广泛存在的全球性有机污染物,同时它们又是内分泌干扰物,是威胁人类生殖健康的重要因素之一。由于人们每天约有80%以上的时间在室内度过,且室内环境是Hal-POPs人体暴露的主要来源之一,因此室内环境中Hal-POPs对人体内分泌系统的干扰作用及其机理等问题亟待研究,但目前这方面的研究很有限。本文通过综述Hal-POPs在室内环境中的赋存水平和在人体体内的负荷水平及其半衰期,探讨了其对人体内分泌系统尤其是男性生殖健康的影响情况及其可能的机理,并分析了目前研究的不足之处及研究前景,为进一步开展这方面的研究提供借鉴。     

五氯酚对土壤跳虫代谢转化酶基因和蜕皮相关基因表达的影响

五氯酚(PCP)是一种广泛存在于环境中的有机污染物。利用土壤跳虫(Folsomia candida)作为受试生物,研究了不同浓度的PCP暴露下细胞色素P450(CYP450)基因、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)基因和蜕皮相关基因表达水平的变化。结果显示,PCP暴露下,跳虫CYP450基因Fcc01651、Fcc02155、Fcc03650和GST基因Fcc04073、Fcc05260的表达水平未发生显著变化。在PCP浓度为240 mg·kg-1时,跳虫GST基因Fcc00494的表达显著上调。在PCP浓度为120 mg·kg-1和240 mg·kg-1时,几丁质酶基因Fcc00881和几丁质结合域基因Fcc01306的表达受到显著抑制。研究结果可为评价PCP暴露对跳虫的毒性提供一定依据。     

Fabrication and characterization of electrospun porous cellulose acetate nanofibrous mats incorporated with capric acid as form-stable phase change materials for storing/retrieving thermal energy

Electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibrous mats incorporated with capric acid was studied to fabricate form-stable phase change materials (PCMs) for storing/retrieving thermal energy. Electrospun CA nanofibrous mats with different porous structures and specific surface areas were firstly prepared through regulating the volume ratio of mixture solvent of acetone/dichloromethane (DCM). Effects of different volume ratio of mixture solvent and mat thickness on the morphological structure, specific surface area, and absorption capacity of CA nanofibrous mats were systematically investigated. The results indicated that CA nanofibrous mats were highly porous on the surface; hence, they were capable of absorbing a large amount of capric acid. The maximum absorption capacity of CA mats via electrospinning with volume ratio of acetone/DCM being 5/5 was ~95.8 wt%, due to its higher specific surface area of ~17.1 m²/g. The specific surface area and capric acid absorption capacity of CA nanofibrous mats increased with the increases of mat thickness. As the thickness of nanofibrous mats increased from 10 to 85 μm, the corresponding specific surface area and capric acid absorption capacity of mats increased respectively from 7.2 to 29.0 m²/g and 92.1 to 98.5%. Morphological structures, as well as the properties of thermal energy storage and thermal insulation of the fabricated form-stable PCMs, were studied by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and measurement of freezing times, respectively. The results indicated that the resulting form-stable PCMs could well maintain their phase transition characteristics and demonstrated great thermal energy storage capability and temperature regulation ability.     

滏阳河河流水体中重金属污染特征及其对青海弧菌和斜生栅藻的毒性效应

为调查滏阳河水系的重金属污染状况,研究河流重金属污染对水生生物的毒性,根据河流结构、水文条件、排污口分布并考虑空间分布的均匀性,选取66个采样位点,采集河水及对应的表层沉积物样品,分析了样品中的重金属含量。用斜生栅藻和青海弧菌Q67作为模式生物,根据滏阳河水重金属污染较严重的邯郸近郊2号采样点采集水样的重金属含量配制系列重金属浓度的模拟河水进行重金属污染河水的生态毒性测试。结果表明,在全部66个采样点中,29个采样点河水重金属含量超过国家地表水III类水体重金属含量标准,主要污染元素是Hg、Pb、Cr、Zn。几乎所有采样点河水Mn和Fe含量都大大高于国家集中式生活饮用水地表水源地补充项目规定的标准限值。根据2号采样点河水样品中的重金属含量配成的模拟河水对青海弧菌Q67的EC₅₀值为6.65%,为毒性极强的污染物。模拟河水样品对斜生栅藻的抑制作用较小,在实验的最高浓度下(1000倍河水重金属含量)暴露4 d尚未引起半数藻细胞死亡。随河水重金属浓度上升,斜生栅藻超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性总体上呈现先升高后降低的趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量变化则与此相反,反映河水重金属污染可引起藻细胞的氧化损伤。叶绿素a和b含量则随暴露浓度的提高逐渐降低。在重金属浓度达到2号采样点河水的10%时,斜生栅藻叶绿素a含量已有显著降低,MDA含量显著升高,海河流域重金属污染对生态系统的影响应予以重视。河水发光菌Q67的生长抑制率、斜生栅藻的叶绿素a和MDA含量可以作为评估河流重金属污染生态危害的指标。     

基于GIS和贡献权重迭加方法的区域滑坡灾害易损性评价

区域滑坡易损性是指特定区域对滑坡灾害的破坏和损害的敏感性.根据易损性指标的科学性、可操作性以及可定量化等基本选取依据和研究区的区域特点,选择了人口密度、道路密度、建筑密度、林地密度、耕地密度、滑坡灾害密度6个指标.探讨了贡献率方法评价区域滑坡易损性的建模过程和数学表达.区域滑坡易损性定量表达为各指标的自权重与互权重以及指标的归一化值的乘积.以四川米易县为研究实例,对此评价方法进行了应用,在GIS系统中运用自然断点法进行了易损度区划和区划制图,结果显示,高易损度区、中易损度区、低易损度区分别占研究区域的7.13%、21.19%、71.68%,易损性分布基本上与人口密度、建筑密度和道路密度分布相一致,反应了基于贡献率的区域滑坡灾害易损性区划的合理性.