城市防灾与自备井

古人类曾逐水草而居住．后来因掌握了凿井技术,才可以远离江河湖海,在广袤的内陆地区生存繁衍。从古至今,水井对农业和工业的发展曾发挥了重要作用。如今,一些缺水城市由于长期过分依赖水井,超采地下水造成地下水位严重下降,甚至引起地面沉陷;城市工业发展污染了地下水,致使水井的水质不达标．水井似乎成了污染水资源的“元凶”。     

德国节能减排多措并举

德国针对能源匮乏的现状,把节约能源作为政府能源开发利用的一贯政策来推动。文章介绍了德国政府在重视节能技术研发、节能服务体系建设、能源统计、建筑节能、可再生能源开发和综合利用以及加强宣传教育、增强节约意识等方面所做的有益探索实践和取得的经验。对我国开展节能减排工作有较好借鉴意义。     

Dioxin-like compounds in agricultural soils near e-waste recycling sites from Taizhou area, China: chemical and bioanalytical characterization

The crude recycling of electronic and electric waste (e-waste) is now creating a new set of environmental problems especially in developing countries such as China. The present study aimed to characterize the dioxin-like compounds in Taizhou area, one of the largest e-waste recycling centers in China, using both chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay. Agricultural soil samples were screened for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity with EROD bioassay in H4IIE cells, and the concentrations of the target AhR agonists including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by instruments. The bioassay-derived TCDD equivalents (TEQ(bio)) and the chemical-calculated TCDD equivalents (TEQ(cal)) were then compared, and mass balance analysis was conducted to identify the contributors of the observed response. Raw soil extracts from all locations induced significant AhR activities, where the TEQ(bio) ranged from 5.3 to 210 pg/g dry weight soil (pg/g dw). The total concentrations of 17 PCDD/Fs, 36 PCBs and 16 PAHs varied from 210 to 850 pg/g dw, 11 to 100 ng/g dw, and 330 to 20,000 ng/g dw, respectively. Profile characterization of the target analytes revealed that there were similar sources originating from the crude dismantling of electric power equipments and the open burning of e-waste. There was a significant relationship between TEQ(cal) and TEQ(bio) (r=0.99, p<0.05). Based on the mass balance analysis, PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs could account for the observed AhR responses in vitro elicited by soil extracts, though their respective contributions varied depending on sample location. In this study, the combination of chemical analysis and bioanalytical measurements proved valuable for screening, identifying and prioritizing the causative agents within complex environmental matrices.     

潮汐循环影响下上覆水环境因子和氮营养盐的变化及其相关关系

潮汐循环对水体理化特征的短期影响是潮汐河口各种理化参数变化的一个重要原因。通过崇明东旺沙堤外低潮滩和东海农场低潮滩采样及环境因子分析，发现崇明东滩各环境因子之间（除浊度外）相关性较好，均呈宽 “U”型变化；东海农场各环境因子之间相关性较差，变化不一致，且盐度、电导率变化与崇明东滩变化相反；受潮汐循环影响，崇明东滩涨潮初期各形态氮有明显释放过程，而东海农场的近底层水体在涨潮初期NH4+ N急剧下降，NOX- N缓慢下降；无论是在崇明东滩还是在东海农场，营养盐浓度受环境因子的共同影响，整个潮汐循环过程中总无机氮（TIN）与盐度呈显著线性负相关，这与整个长江口近岸水体的营养盐负荷相一致，长江上游淡水带来的高负荷营养盐流经河口进入海洋。     

组合式生物膜法处理炼油废水的研究

针对炼油废水成分复杂、有毒物质含量高和可生化性差的特点,采用组合式生物膜法进行处理.试验结果表明,该工艺对COD、NH3-N和挥发酚(Ar-OH)具有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为92.6%、96.5%和98.1%,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准.     

安阳市大型工业区和周围社区土壤中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解安阳市大型工业区和周围社区表层土壤中重金属元素的分布特征和健康风险,用ICP-OES测定了样品中9种重金属元素的含量.结果 表明:Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、As、Cd、Cr、Co和Ni在社区表层土壤中的平均浓度为71.0、25.6、43.2、548、118.4、0.71、59.5、18.8、24.5 mg/kg;在...     

河蚬对太湖梅梁湾沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集

以采自清洁水体的河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为实验生物,利用生物富集实验测试了河蚬对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集.研究结果表明,将河蚬暴露于有机氯农药污染程度相似的太湖梅梁湾沉积物中(HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为1.5-1.8.S/S(以干重计)和1.1-1.7 as/g(以干重计))后,随着暴露时间的延长(24～168h),河蚬对有机氯农药的富集量随着暴露时间逐渐增加.试验结束时各样点中河蚬对HCHs和DDTs的富集量分别为(9.4±2.2)ng/g(以干重计)、(20.7±7.6)ng/g(以干重计).实验水体沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物沉积物富集因子(BSAF)分别为1.5±0.1和4.4±0.7.生物-沉积物富集因子(BSAF)与有机物的辛醇-水比值(Kow)存在显著正相关.     

Preparation and application of amino functionalized mesoporous nanofiber membrane via electrospinning for adsorption of Cr3+ from aqueous solution

Novel amino (-NH₂) functionalized mesoporous polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/SiO₂ composite nanofiber membranes were fabricated by a one-step electrospinning method using poly (vinyl alcohol) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) mixed with cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as the structure directing agent. Ureidopropyltriethoxysilane was used for functionalization of the internal pore surfaces. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), element analyzer and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The nanofiber diameters, average pore diameters and surface areas were 100-700 nm, 2.86 nm and 873.62 m²/g, respectively. These mesoporous membranes functionalized with -NH₂ groups exhibited very high adsorptions properties based on the adsorption of Cr³⁺+ from an aqueous solution. Equilibrium adsorption was achieved after approximately 20 min and more than 97% of chromium ions in the solution were removed. The membrane could be regenerated through acidification.     

高效菌种处理制药废水的研究

青霉素在其生产过程中排放出高浓度有机废液水,该废液COD浓度高,成分复杂,可生化性差,是环境工程领域的研究难题。文章提出一种高效菌种处理青霉素废水的技术,试验表明,用此高效菌种处理制药废水有较好的处理效果。     

多种废弃物混合厌氧发酵产气及对重金属的影响

为综合利用多种废弃物混合发酵产沼气及解决沼渣中重金属污染问题,选用猪粪为主料,麦秸、蓝藻、磷矿粉作为辅料,厌氧污泥为微生物接种源,将多种废弃物组合发酵.通过分析不同原料组合的产气效果及对沼渣重金属的钝化效果来探究最佳产气和钝化重金属的原料组合.结果表明:各配比试验中"猪粪+污泥+麦秸"组合(ZJ)产气效果最佳,总产气量是"猪粪+污泥+蓝藻"组合(ZL)的4.8倍,日产气量较ZL组提前3 d达到极值;磷矿粉对各组沼渣中的重金属均有钝化作用,"猪粪+污泥+麦秸+磷矿粉"(ZJ1)组合对沼渣中重金属Cu、Zn钝化效果最优,残渣态分配率分别升高了 5.25个百分点和6.77个百分点;ZJ1沼渣重金属生物有效性下降率最高,Cu、Zn生物有效性分别下降了50.39％和59.25％.蓝藻对发酵沼渣中Cu、Zn则具有活化作用,其Cu、Zn生物有效性分别增加了 28.04％和20.69％.因此,猪粪、污泥、秸秆、磷矿粉通过合适配比进行厌氧发酵,既能绿色产能使多种污染物资源化,又能降低沼渣中重金属污染,为多种污染物协同厌氧发酵产沼气提供理论依据和参考.