电子垃圾拆解地翠鸟对多氯联苯的累积及风险评估

粗犷的电子垃圾拆解活动已造成当地野生生物多氯联苯(PCBs)严重污染,但PCBs在野生鸟类中的生物累积特征及潜在的毒害作用研究较少。本研究采集了广东省某电子垃圾拆解地翠鸟(Alcedo atthis)及其食物(各种小型鱼类)样品,研究翠鸟对PCBs的累积特征、生物放大效应及毒性风险。翠鸟肌肉中PCBs中值含量为220μg·g~(-1)脂重,比其他报道值高1~3个数量级。计算的生物放大因子(BMF)显示,大部分PCB单体的BMF值都大于1,表明翠鸟对PCBs具有生物放大效应。计算的共面PCBs毒性当量(TEQs)范围为39~23 600 pg·g~(-1)湿重,已经达到或超过了影响某些鸟类生殖或发育障碍的报道值。上述结果表明,电子垃圾拆卸活动已经造成了当地翠鸟PCBs严重污染,PCBs污染物对电子垃圾拆解地翠鸟及其他野生生物的毒性效应尚需进一步研究。     

混凝-反渗透工艺处理某矿井废水的应用

介绍了一套混凝-反渗透工艺处理矿井废水的工艺,并对其原理及特点进行分析。该项目日处理量3 000t。通过对系统的调试和运行效果的研究找出了实际运行过程中的要点、需重点控制的参数和需改进的因素,并对设备的维护和使用提出合理的建议。实践证明,该工艺出水达到生活饮用水卫生标准。     

Bioremediation of highly contaminated oilfield soil: Bioaugmentation for enhancing aromatic compounds removal

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different amendments--including a commercial NPK fertilizer, a humic substance （HS）, an organic industrial waste （NovoGro）, and a yeast-bacteria consortium--in the remediation of highly contaminated （up to 6% of total petroleum hydrocarbons） oilfield soils. The concentrations of hydrocarbon, soil toxicity, physicochemical properties of the soil, microbial population numbers, enzyme activities and microbial community structures were examined during the 90-d incubation. The results showed that the greatest degradation of total petroleum hydro- carbons （TPH） was observed with the biostimulation using mixture of NPK, HS and NovoGro, a treatment scheme that enhanced both dehydrogenase and lipase activities in soil. Introduction of exogenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria （in addition to biostimulation with NPK, HS and NovoGro） had negligible effect on the removal of TPH, which was likely due to the competition between exogenous and autochthonous microorganisms. None- theless, the addition of exogenous yeast-bacteria consor- tium significantly enhanced the removal of the aromatic fraction of the petroleum hydrocarbons, thus detoxifying the soil. The effect of bioaugmentation on the removal of more recalcitrant petroleum hydrocarbon fraction was likely due to the synergistic effect of bacteria and fungi.     

基于高密度电法的潮汐作用对潍坊滨海地下水影响分析

本文利用高密度电法连续监测数据,基于统计学方法对潍坊滨海典型海水入侵区地层电阻率随潮汐作用的时空动态变化进行研究,结果表明:在地层沉积均匀的滨海地区,无论单次测量还是重复测量,地层电阻率值只在垂直方向上具有显著差异性。潜水面附近地层电阻率受潮汐影响最为明显,因此,利用高密度电法连续测量的方法分析滨海地区地下水随潮汐作用时空变化的方法是可行的。     

滏阳河河流水体中重金属污染特征及其对青海弧菌和斜生栅藻的毒性效应

为调查滏阳河水系的重金属污染状况,研究河流重金属污染对水生生物的毒性,根据河流结构、水文条件、排污口分布并考虑空间分布的均匀性,选取66个采样位点,采集河水及对应的表层沉积物样品,分析了样品中的重金属含量。用斜生栅藻和青海弧菌Q67作为模式生物,根据滏阳河水重金属污染较严重的邯郸近郊2号采样点采集水样的重金属含量配制系列重金属浓度的模拟河水进行重金属污染河水的生态毒性测试。结果表明,在全部66个采样点中,29个采样点河水重金属含量超过国家地表水III类水体重金属含量标准,主要污染元素是Hg、Pb、Cr、Zn。几乎所有采样点河水Mn和Fe含量都大大高于国家集中式生活饮用水地表水源地补充项目规定的标准限值。根据2号采样点河水样品中的重金属含量配成的模拟河水对青海弧菌Q67的EC_(50)值为6.65%,为毒性极强的污染物。模拟河水样品对斜生栅藻的抑制作用较小,在实验的最高浓度下(1 000倍河水重金属含量)暴露4 d尚未引起半数藻细胞死亡。随河水重金属浓度上升,斜生栅藻超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性总体上呈现先升高后降低的趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量变化则与此相反,反映河水重金属污染可引起藻细胞的氧化损伤。叶绿素a和b含量则随暴露浓度的提高逐渐降低。在重金属浓度达到2号采样点河水的10%时,斜生栅藻叶绿素a含量已有显著降低,MDA含量显著升高,海河流域重金属污染对生态系统的影响应予以重视。河水发光菌Q67的生长抑制率、斜生栅藻的叶绿素a和MDA含量可以作为评估河流重金属污染生态危害的指标。     

Removal,distribution and plant uptake of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in a simulated constructed wetland system

• PFOS was removed by soil adsorption and plant uptake in the VFCW. • Uptake of PFOS by E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius. • PFOS in wastewater can inhibit the removal of nutrients. • Dosing with PFOS changed the soil microbial community in the VFCW. A vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was used to treat simulated domestic sewage containing perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The removal rate of PFOS in the domestic sewage was 93%–98%, through soil adsorption and plant uptake, suggesting that VFCWs can remove PFOS efficiently from wastewater. The removal of PFOS in the VFCW was dependent on soil adsorption and plant uptake; moreover, the percentage of soil adsorption was 61%–89%, and was higher than that of the plants uptake (5%–31%). The absorption capacity of Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) (1186.71 mg/kg) was higher than that of Cyperus alternifolius (C. alternifolius) (162.77 mg/kg) under 10 mg/L PFOS, and the transfer factor of PFOS in E. crassipes and C. alternifolius was 0.04 and 0.58, respectively, indicating that PFOS is not easily translocated to leaves from roots of wetland plants; moreover, uptake of PFOS by E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius because the biomass of E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius and the roots of E. crassipes can take up PFOS directly from wastewater while C. alternifolius needs to do so via its roots in the soil. The concentration of 10 mg/L PFOS had an obvious inhibitory effect on the removal rate of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonia nitrogen in the VFCW, which decreased by 15%, 10%, 10% and 12%, respectively. Dosing with PFOS in the wastewater reduced the bacterial richness but increased the diversity in soil because PFOS stimulated the growth of PFOS-tolerant strains.     

大气污染防治综合决策支持技术平台典型城市应用研究

以典型城市济南市为研究对象,利用大气污染防治综合决策支持技术平台(简称“技术平台”)综合评估了济南市《2018年大气污染治理“十大措施”实施方案》(简称“‘十大措施’”)的实施效果,并进一步基于特定空气质量目标〔济南市2018年ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(O₃)同比2017年分别下降20%、8%〕开展大气污染防治策略寻优及费效评估.结果表明:①“十大措施”实施后,SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、一次PM_2.5减排率分别为39%、24%、42%、41%,该情景在2017基准年气象条件下可使济南市2018年ρ(PM_2.5)同比下降19%,新增治污成本约4.70×108元,效益-成本比约1.40;单位减排成本最低的本地扬尘源减排对ρ(PM_2.5)下降的贡献率最大,建议济南市下一阶段应进一步强化扬尘源减排.②经过策略寻优,反算得到了SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、一次PM_2.5的减排率分别为46%、20%、42%、60%的优化策略,该策略下的新增治污成本约4.69×108元;对比“十大措施”,优化策略提高了SO₂和一次PM_2.5的减排率,降低对O₃具有负贡献的NO_x减排率,满足空气质量目标的同时又尽可能地降低了治污成本,将效益-成本比提升至1.88.技术平台在济南市的初步成功应用,为济南市下一阶段的大气污染防治提供基于实证的科学依据;同时对其在我国城市逐步推广具有重要示范意义,可有效支撑大气污染防治综合科学决策制定.      

高应变率下HRB600高强钢筋力学性能试验研究

钢筋混凝土结构抗震分析中应该采用钢筋材料的动态塑性本构模型,HRB600高强钢筋作为新一代建筑钢材,尚无其在高应变率下的力学性能研究。首先进行了HRB600高强钢筋拉伸力学性能试验,得到了不同应变率下的HRB600高强钢筋力学性能数据,屈服强度最大提高11.5%,极限强度最大提高8.9%,然后拟合得到HRB600高强钢筋在高应变率下的强度提高系数表达式。研究结果表明:随着应变率的增大,钢筋的屈服强度和极限强度均得到提高;在相同应变率条件下,钢筋屈服强度动力提高系数大于极限强度动力提高系数;相比较低强度钢筋,应变率敏感性明显低于HPB235、HRB335及HRB400,但与HRB500钢筋相差较小,而极限强度应变率敏感性明显高于低强度钢筋;基于试验数据得到的HRB600高强钢筋在高应变率下的动态塑性本构模型,与试验值吻合较好。研究成果可作为HRB600高强钢筋混凝土结构抗震评估的依据。     

磁性粒子/介孔碳的合成及其吸附性能

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为模板,采用三氯化铁和蔗糖同步浇铸的方法,利用纳米刻蚀技术合成了Fe-Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子/介孔碳复合体(简称磁性粒子/介孔碳)。XRD分析和高分辨透射电子显微镜表征结果表明,磁性粒子/介孔碳中含有强磁性粒子——Fe3O4和α-Fe。在初始罗丹明B质量浓度为200 mg/L的溶液中加入于碳化温度为800 oC下制得的磁性粒子/介孔碳1 mg/L,吸附190 min后,平衡吸附量为329 mg/g。吸附后的磁性粒子/介孔碳在乙醇中的脱附率可达93.7%。通过外加磁场可将吸附后的磁性粒子/介孔碳与溶液分离。     

Water pollution and degradation in Pearl River Delta,South China

The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone is the most dynamic economic area in South China. One of the major problems in the region is the sustainable utilization of the water resources. On the basis of analysis of the water environment status and pollution sources, it is suggested that domestic sewage is the primary cause of pollution. Two new concepts "degradation coefficient" and "degradation volume" of water resources, due to pollution, which may be used to assess macroscopically the carrying capacity of the water resources and sustainability of the water environment, are proposed by the authors. The results calculated indicate that the volumes of degraded water resources will be up to 204, 352, and 537 million m3 in 2002, 2010, and 2020. It is suggested that water for daily consumption and domestic sewage must be controlled more effectively and there should be cross-regional coordination in tackling problems of water environment.