Sources and seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Dalian,China: Factor analysis with non-negative constraints combined with local source fingerprints

Vapor- and particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) samples were continuously collected at an urban site in Dalian, China, during the heating and non-heating period. There is strong temperature dependence and obvious seasonal trend for atmospheric PAHs, and significant positive correlations of atmospheric PAHs with SO₂ and CO concentrations were observed. Factor analysis model with non-negative constraints (FA–NNC) combined with local and literature PAH source fingerprints was successful in source identification of particulate PAHs in the atmospheric samples. The results suggested that, in heating period, the main pollution sources were identified as coal-fired boiler emission (56%), residential coal combustion (33%) and traffic emissions (11%). As for non-heating period, the main sources were gasoline engine emission, traffic tunnel emission and coal-fired power plant, and the overall source contributions of traffic emission (gasoline engine + traffic tunnel) were 79% and coal-fired power plant 21%. The current results support our previous study and provide new insights. This can be the first attempt to quantitatively apportion air organic pollutants using receptor models combined with local source fingerprints. The source fingerprints can be used as reference data for source apportionment of atmospheric PAHs of China.     

一株高效耐冷菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

寒冷地区水温偏低,污水生物处理效果差,出水达标困难。从寒冷地区水土样品中,分离到数株能在2℃下生长的低温菌株,选择优势菌N进行重点研究。从脱氢酶活性机制上,考察了不同条件对N菌株降解能力的影响;对比研究了它与常温活性污泥降解能力和脱氢酶活性的差异。结果表明:N菌株属于耐冷型低温微生物,结合16S rDNA序列同源性分析及生理生化特性鉴定为黄假单胞菌;5℃曝气8 h,接种废水COD、氨氮去除率均在90%以上;低温条件下,该耐冷菌对生活污水降解率比常温活性污泥高出40%,脱氢酶具有更高的活性,在低温污水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

元素硫颗粒粒径对污泥重金属生物沥滤的影响

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥作为处理介质,土著嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans,A.thiooxi-dans)为主要沥滤微生物,采用序批式生物沥滤装置,就投加150~725μm的不同粒径元素硫对沥滤的酸化效果、硫酸根产率和重金属去除效果的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在元素硫投配量为3 g/L,曝气强度为1.0 L/(min.L)的条件下,元素硫粒径在165~215μm范围减小时能显著改善污泥酸化速度、提高酸化程度和硫酸根产率。底物元素硫的最佳粒径为165μm,此时沥滤体系pH下降速率为0.85个pH单位/d,硫酸根的产率为454.9 mg/(L.d),沥滤6 d后污泥中高浓度重金属Cu、Zn、Cd的去除率达到70.3%、81.2%、87.8%.     

大地震诱发滑坡的分布特点及危险性区划研究

汶川8.0级大地震诱发大规模以滑坡、崩塌为主的地质灾害,改变了原有的地貌形态,形成多处堰塞湖,毁坏民房和道路,使之成为严重的次生滑坡灾害危险区域.以成都市的都江堰、彭州、崇州、邛崃、大邑5个市、县地震区为研究区,分析了滑坡分布与地震烈度和宏观震中距关系,并在GIS技术的支持下采用贡献权重迭加法进行了滑坡危险性区划,分别获得研究区不同等级的危险区面积和滑坡分布密度,其中彭州、都江堰成为地震滑坡最严重的区域.     

一种新型A2/O工艺处理特性

为提高传统A2/O工艺在碳源不足情况下的脱氮除磷效率,发明了一种改良型的污水处理工艺,该工艺通过在好氧池中增设生物相选择器实现结构较好的颗粒污泥与松散絮体污泥的分离,在低污泥龄运行条件下获得了良好的同步脱氮除磷效果.当进水COD为900 mg/L,SRT分别为30 d和20 d时,新型和传统A2/O工艺其COD和TN去除率均可达到90％和70％以上,但TP去除率并不理想.当污泥龄为10 d时,新型工艺的COD,TN,TP去除率分别为(96.7±0.9)％、(83.2±2.0)％和(87.6±2.5)％,在提高除磷效率的同时保持了良好的脱氮效果.当进水COD为300 mg/L、SRT为10 d时,新型和传统A2/O工艺TN去除率分别为(77.6±1.1)％和(58.1±3.9)％,TP去除率分别为(85.4±1.2)％和(66.4±8.3)％,表明在进水基质浓度较低的条件下,新工艺优于传统工艺.另外,在SRT为10 d时,新型和传统A2/O好氧池中TN亏损比分别为22.8％和7.8％,表明新工艺TN去除率的提高得益于同步硝化反硝化,TP去除率的提高得益于低污泥龄.     

Biochemical defense strategies in sterilized seedlings of Nymphoides peltatum adapted to lead stress

In order to study potential antioxidant defense mechanisms, the effects of increasing concentrations of lead (Pb) on polyamines (PAs), various thiols, vitamins C and E, and proline contents in sterilized seedlings of Nymphoides peltata (S.G. mel.) Kuntze were investigated after 5 days of exposure. The levels of total putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) decreased significantly, while the ratio of (Spd?+?Spm)/Put first increased but then declined as the concentration of Pb increased. The trends for free, perchloric acid soluble-conjugated (PS-conjugated), and perchloric acid insoluble-bound (PIS-bound) PAs were similar to the trend seen for total PAs. Moreover, reduced glutathione (GSH), nonprotein thiols (NP-SH), phytochelatins (PCs), and vitamin C were induced at high Pb concentrations. No significant change was observed in vitamin E. An initial decline in proline content was followed by an increase as the Pb concentration rose. The reduced level of Put and elevated contents of GSH, NP-SH, PCs, vitamin C, and proline were found to be associated with antioxidant efficiency, which supports the hypothesis that they could play a significant role in the adaptation mechanisms of N. peltatum under Pb stress.     

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban to rural soils: a case study in Dalian, China

To estimate the distribution and sources of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in metropolitan and adjacent areas, soil samples were collected from urban, suburban and rural locations of Dalian, China, and concentrations of 14 PAHs were determined. The spatial PAH profiles were site-specific and determined by the sources close to the sampling sites. PAH concentrations decreased significantly along the urban-suburban-rural transect. The gradient implied that the fractionation effect influenced PAH distribution. Bivariate plots of selected diagnostic ratios showed general trends of co-variation and allowed to distinguish samples taken from different areas. An improved method, factor analysis (FA) with nonnegative constrains, was used to determine the primary sources and contributions of PAHs in soils. The FA model showed traffic average (74%) and coal related residential emission (26%) were two primary sources to Dalian soils. In addition, the FA model provided reasonable explanations for PAH contributions in soils from different sites. The results suggest that FA with nonnegative constraints is a promising tool for source apportionment of PAHs in soils.     

DNA damage and repair process in earthworm after in-vivo and in vitro exposure to soils irrigated by wastewaters

In this study, DNA damage to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) after in vivo exposure to contaminated soils was measured by detecting DNA strand breakages (DSBs) and causality was analyzed through fractionation based bioassays. A non-linear dose-response relationship existed between DNA damage and total soil PAHs levels. DNA damage, measured with the comet assay, and its repair process, were observed. To identify the chemical causality, an in vitro comet assay using coelomocytes was subsequently performed on the fractionated organic extracts from soils. The results showed that the PAHs in the soils were responsible for the exerting genotoxic effects on earthworms. When normalized to benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalent (TEQ(BaP)), the saturation dose in the dose-response curve was about 10ng TEQ(BaP) g(-1) soil (dw).     

纳米SiO2在含阴离子表面活性剂低浊水处理中的应用

在含有阴离子表面活性剂-十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的6 NTU高岭土悬浊液中,改变SDS的浓度,投加纳米SiO2与聚合铝PAC进行动态混凝实验与静沉实验,借助图像分析技术与分形理论,探讨了纳米SiO2与PAC处理含SDS低浊水的作用机理、絮凝效果与形态学特征.结果表明:①纳米SiO2与SDS使高岭土粒子表面负电性增强.纳米SiO2的絮凝机理以吸附架桥为主.②纳米SiO2对SDS的去除效果优于PAC.SDS浓度越高,去除效果越显著.但纳米SiO2对无机高岭土粒子的处理能力不如PAC,PAC絮凝后的上清液浊度低.当SDS浓度增至10 mg/L时,纳米SiO2对SDS的去除率高,而PAC对SDS的絮凝能力弱,PAC对无机颗粒的去除效果也下降.③助凝剂纳米SiO2较强的吸附活性能加快PAC絮体成长为结构密实的RLCA构型,分维值高,絮凝效果好.     

钼矿尾矿区蔬菜地土壤中重金属含量分析与生态风险预警评估

研究钼矿尾矿区周边菜地土壤的重金属污染现状及生态风险.选取20个钼矿尾矿区周边受污染菜地的土壤样本,用HNO3-HF-HClO4处理后,采用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Mo、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量并分析其存在形态,进行生态风险预警评估.结果表明,土壤中重金属含量的分布为残余态>有机结合态>氧化结合态>酸可提取态(Pb、Zn氧化结合态>有机结合态,Hg有机结合态=酸可提取态>氧化结合态);菜地土壤的生态风险指数,IEH=80.62,其预警类型为重警;主要重金属污染为Cd、Hg、Cr污染并伴有Zn、Ni、Cu污染;Hg的酸可提取态所占比例较大,可能影响农作物的正常生长;重金属污染可能来自尾矿石中重金属的释放,并与污灌及化学农药的使用有一定关系.研究为清除或减轻土壤重金属污染、修复和改良已污染土壤提供参考依据.