地下水位上升过程硝态氮(硝酸盐)污染变化规律研究

地下水水位上升会造成包气带外源污染物的输入,如硝态氮,同时引起浅层地下水水环境变化.为了研究水位上升过程对硝态氮(硝酸盐)的影响,选取北京市通州区代表性介质,建立室内砂槽实验,探究水位上升过程硝态氮的二维迁移转化规律.实验结果表明:随着地下水位上升,砂槽从上至下,从左至右,溶解氧和氧化还原电位含量均逐渐降低,地下水逐渐...     

水稻土中挥发性含硫气体的释放

通过建立野外采样系统,对一个生长周期内水稻土释放的挥发性含硫气体进行了检测.研究结果表明:水稻土中释放的含硫气体主要为COS、CS₂和DMS,并有少量的DMDS.估算出的各含硫气体的释放通量分别为81.11、6.33和10.71 mg·(m²·a)^-1.我国水稻土释放含硫气体的通量为(S)0.013662 Tg/a,全球为(S)0.07992Tg/a     

甘蔗渣水解-氧化-水解法制取草酸

开发出一种以甘蔗渣为原料用水解-氧化-水解法制取草酸的工艺。最佳反应条件：硫酸浓度为70％(质量分数),物料浸泡时间为3h,硝酸与甘蔗渣质量比为2．24：1,氧化一水解反应时间为5h,反应温度为65～70℃。在这种条件下制得的草酸二水合物的收率可达80％左右。     

中国火法铜冶炼污染物排放情景分析

基于目前中国火法炼铜的污染物产生特点,即冶炼过程中污染物产生差别主要体现在熔炼阶段工艺技术水平的高低,本文根据产业发展战略导向,对现行的熔炼工艺即先进熔池炉、闪速炉熔炼技术和传统鼓风炉熔炼技术设定情景：当2015年精炼铜产量达到500万t时,熔池、闪速、鼓风熔炼三种工艺的比重分别为：情景-50％、40％和10％。情景二60％、40％和0,情景三70％、30％和0。以2007年的冻结情景为基准,对污染物的产生量与排放量进行情景分析。结果表明,情景三是最优方案,在铜产量大幅增加的同时,通过工艺结构调整、促进废物资源化利用,基本可以实现主要污染物的排放不增加,这对火法炼铜行业污染物减排管理决策具有参考价值。     

我国南方某填埋场作业面氨气释放和扩散规律分析

为了研究氨气对填埋场周边环境的影响,采用现场静态箱试验测试了杭州市某填埋场作业面氨气的释放速率.把静态箱方法得到的氨气释放通量作为Calpuff模型及高斯模型释放源强,对填埋场中氨气的扩散进行了模拟,并将两种方法得出的氨气扩散范围进行了比较.结果表明:研究区由于气温等原因,氨气释放通量8月最强,1月最弱,两者相差达4倍.Calpuff模拟结果表明源强越大,最终扩散距离越远,且氨气浓度在距作业面300~600 m处达到最大.高斯模型模拟结果表明,该地区大气稳定度较稳定条件下(E级)更有利于氨气的扩散;风速越大,氨气在扩散过程中越易被稀释,最终扩散影响距离越短.大气稳定度为E级条件下,Calpuff模型得出影响距离是高斯模型结果的1.16~1.69倍,高斯模型相对于Calpuff模型低估了该地区氨气扩散的能力.该现场试验和模型模拟的结果对填埋场臭气控制具有重要的指导意义.     

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables from wastewater irrigated area, Beijing-Tianjin city cluster, China

The possible health risks of heavy metals contamination to local population through food chain were evaluated in Beijing and Tianjin city cluster, China, where have a long history of sewage irrigation. The transfer factors (TF) for heavy metals from soil to vegetables for six elements including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As and Cd were calculated and the pollution load indexes (PLI) were also assessed. Results indicate that only Cd exceeded the maximum acceptable limit in these sites. So far, the heavy metal concentrations in soils and vegetables were all below the permissible limits set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China and World Health Organization. The transfer factors of six heavy metals showed the trend as Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cr, which were dependent on the vegetable species. The estimated dietary intakes of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As and Cd were far below the tolerable limits and the target hazard quotient (THQ) values were less than 1, which suggested that the health risks of heavy metals exposure through consuming vegetables were generally assumed to be safe.     

Effect of pyrene on denitrification activity and abundance and composition of denitrifying community in an agricultural soil

Toxicity of pyrene on the denitrifiers was studied by spiking an agricultural soil with pyrene to a series of concentrations (0-500 mg kg⁻¹) followed by dose-response and dynamic incubation experiments. Results showed a positive correlation between potential denitrification activity and copy numbers of denitrifying functional genes (nirK, nirS and nosZ), and were both negatively correlated with pyrene concentrations. Based on the comparison of EC₅₀ values, denitrifiers harboring nirK, nirS or nosZ gene were more sensitive than denitrification activity, and denitrifiers harboring nirS gene were more sensitive than that harboring nirK or nosZ genes. Seven days after spiking with EC₅₀ concentration of pyrene, denitrifiers diversity decreased and community composition changed in comparison with the control. Phylogenetic analyses of three genes showed that the addition of pyrene increased the proportion of Bradyrhizobiaceae, Rhodospirillales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales. Some species belonging to these groups were reported to be able to degrade PAHs.     

臭氧在蔬菜废弃物发酵液深度处理中的应用

研究了臭氧直接氧化对蔬菜废弃物好氧发酵液中8项主要污染物指标的影响。臭氧通量浓度设为1.67 mg/L,曝气时间分别选择30,60和120 min,考察了臭氧氧化对蔬菜废弃物发酵液中pH值、粪大肠菌群、COD、总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和总磷的作用效果。结果表明:随着曝气时间的延长,pH值呈不断升高的变化趋势;曝气时间120min,粪大肠菌群被全部去除,COD的去除率为31.7%;臭氧氧化过程中发酵液的各种氮素形态相互转化呈动态变化过程;随着臭氧投加时间的延长,总磷含量会略有上升。     

甲苯在毛细带中的垂向迁移过程及其环境要素响应

为探究甲苯在非均质毛细带中的迁移规律及环境要素响应,采用一维土柱淋滤分层监测实验,模拟瞬时释放情境下甲苯从包气带进入毛细带到达含水层的迁移过程,同步监测pH值、DO、ORP等环境要素随甲苯迁移的变化规律,利用Pearson方法识别各环境要素与甲苯迁移的相关性.结果表明:甲苯在毛细带中迁移可分为4个阶段,即以重力作用为主...     

陕西暴雨若干特征的综合分析

以1970年以来发生在陕西的暴雨、大暴雨为研究对象,使用高空及地面探测资料、卫星云图等监测信息,采用天气学分析、动力学诊断、数值模拟等方法,对陕西持续性暴雨、暴雨的高空和地面中尺度系统、暴雨中尺度对流系统(MCS)、近海台风对陕西暴雨的影响等多方面的特征进行了总结分析.加深了对青藏高原东部暴雨实例和理论的进一步认识和理...