土壤养分空间估测方法研究综述

土壤养分是土壤提供的植物生长发育所必需的营养元素。由于受到自然因素和人为因素的共同作用,土壤养分具有高度的空间变异性。土壤的这种特性不仅表现在区域尺度上,而且也表现在田块尺度上。在研究方法上经历了从传统统计学到地统计学,再到神经网络、地理信息技术以及高精度曲面建模等新方法的不断改进过程。文章从地统计学方法引入到土壤养分空间变异研究中为出发点,论述了国内外基于地统计学的土壤养分空间变异的研究现状,主要包括利用地统计学方法来确定合理的土壤采样数目,土壤养分空间变异的定量化研究,土壤养分空间变异的尺度效应;然后简述了神经网络、地理信息技术、高精度曲面建模等技术在土壤养分空间变异研究中的研究现状和应用。最后对比分析了各种研究方法在应用中存在的缺陷,同时指明了今后应加强作物生长的不同时期土壤养分的空间变异性、土壤在四维空间尺度上的演变机理以及环境信息获取的不确定性等方面的研究。     

Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water in southern China

Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water was investigated in southern China. Fifteen and twelve PPCPs were detected with concentrations of 0-36 ng L(-1) in source water and of 0-20 ng L(-1) in treated water, respectively. Four PPCPs were detected with concentrations of approximately 1 ng L(-1) in drinking water of distribution network. Conventional water treatment processes removed the types and average concentrations of PPCPs by 30% and above 50%, respectively. Advanced water treatment processes were more efficient in the removal of most PPCPs, with the types and concentrations reduced by 50% and approximately 90%, respectively. Molecular properties of PPCPs had an important influence on their behaviors during water treatment. pK(a) (acidity coefficient) and K(oc) (organic carbon partition coefficient) of PPCPs appeared to have a combined effect on PPCPs removal during coagulation and oxidation. Adsorption and biodegradation were two possible mechanisms responsible for PPCPs removal during sand filtration.     

基于高分影像的城市黑臭水体遥感识别:以南京为例

城市黑臭水体的遥感识别对于黑臭水体的监测、治理有着重要作用.2016年对南京城市河段进行了地面调查,并在沙洲西河、秃尾河、玄武湖、金川河设置了55个样点,采集水样分析水质参数并同步测量水面光谱.在此基础上,利用绿光波段遥感反射率的单波段阈值、蓝、绿波段差值、红、绿波段比值,以及色度值,分别构建了基于GF-2影像的城市黑臭水体遥感识别算法,并分析南京市主城区黑臭水体的空间分布和环境特点.结果表明:(1)和其他类型水体相比,城市黑臭水体遥感反射率最低,在整个可见光范围峰谷不突出,而且在400~550 nm范围光谱斜率最小;(2)采用地面同步调查结果检验,比值算法的识别精度最高,对城市河道黑臭水体的识别更准确;(3)利用比值法对2016年11月3日的GF-2影像进行计算,共提取研究区黑臭河段11条,总长度40.7 km,总面积0.749 km~2.黑臭河段分布具有范围广且不连续的特征,集中分布于各城区人口密集的区域;水体发生黑臭主要受到生活污水、工业废水、断头浜的影响.     

双信号细胞电化学法检测氯酚类的毒性

以多壁碳纳米管和离子液体复合修饰电极(MWCNTs-IL/GCE)为工作电极,运用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)研究了人乳腺癌(MCF-7)细胞的电化学行为,检测到了2个明显的氧化峰,其氧化峰电位分别为0.725 V和1.038 V.结合4种嘌呤碱基与模型细胞的电化学行为比较与高效液相色谱分析,确定细胞的电化学响应来源分别为细胞质中黄嘌呤与鸟嘌呤、次黄嘌呤与腺嘌呤的电化学氧化.基于2个响应信号峰电流的变化,研究了五氯酚(PCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(TCP)和2,4-二氯酚(DCP)对MCF-7细胞的毒性效应,根据剂量-效应关系曲线计算半数抑制效应浓度(IC50)值,并与四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法进行比较.结果发现,氯酚类污染物对MCF-7细胞活性有明显抑制作用,细胞电化学法与MTT法测得细胞毒性顺序均为:PCPTCPDCP,表明细胞电化学法可以快速、准确地评价氯酚类污染物的细胞毒性.该研究结果可从核苷酸代谢角度为危害化学品的安全无标记、准确客观的毒性评价方法建立提供新思路.     

聚合氯化铝-壳聚糖复合絮凝剂对腐殖酸的絮凝特性研究

研究了聚合氯化铝-壳聚糖(PAC-CTS)絮凝剂的絮凝特性,进行了聚合氯化铝-壳聚糖复合絮凝剂和单独聚合氯化铝对水中溶解态腐殖酸的去除实验。结果表明:复合絮凝剂在投加量为80 mg/L时即可达到与单独聚合氯化铝投加量为150 mg/L时的去除效果,同时前者适应的pH值范围更宽;与投加量和pH值相比,水样浊度和絮凝搅拌速度是影响絮凝效果的次要因素;另外红外光谱分析发现复合絮凝剂中壳聚糖与聚合氯化铝之间存在相互作用。     

典型页岩气油基钻屑的组成分析及危害评价

分别从重庆某两个页岩气井场选取水平井油基钻屑(A)和直井油基钻屑(B)样品,详细分析其基本性质及组成。结果表明:油基钻屑由72.78%~81.34%的灰分、14.14%~26.21%的有机物和1.01%~4.52%的水分组成。灰分来源于钻井液中的无机添加剂和钻头破碎的岩石碎屑,主要成分为CaCO_3、BaSO_4、SiO_2和Fe_2O_3。有机物来源于调制钻井液的基础油和各类有机添加剂,主要成分为烷烃、多环芳烃、苯系物和烯烃。碱性盐、重金属和有机物是油基钻屑中的三类有害物质,且其危害依次增加,若不加以有效处置,将对当地生态环境和人类健康造成持久性破坏。     

Anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass wastes and waste activated sludge：Dynamic model and material balances

The organic matter degradation process during anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass waste （MBW） and waste-activated sludge （WAS） under different organic loading rates （OLRs） was investigated in bench-scale and pilot-scale semi-continuous stirred tank reactors. To better understand the degradation process of MBW and WAS co-digestion and provide theoretical guidance for engineering application, anaerobic digestion model No. 1 was revised for the co-digestion of MBW and WAS. The results showed that the degradation of organic matter could be characterized into three different fractions, including readily hydrolyzable organics, easily degradable particulate organics, and recalcitrant particle organics. Hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step under lower OLRs, and methanogenesisis was the rate-limiting step for an OLR of 8.0 kg volatile solid （VS）/（m^3·day）. The hydrolytic parameters of carbohydrate, protein, and lipids were 0.104, 0.083, and 0.084 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（kg COD·hr）, respectively, and the reaction rate parameters of lipid fermentation were 1 and 1.25 kg COD/（kg COD.hr） for OLRs of 4.0 and 6.0 kg VS/（m^3·day）. A revised model was used to simulate methane yield, and the results fit well with the experimental data. Material balance data were acquired based on the revised model, which showed that 58.50% of total COD was converted to methane.     

粒级-标准偏差法和主成分因子分析法在粒度敏感因子提取中的对比

沉积物全样粒度参数已很难对受不同物源和不同沉积动力影响的古环境进行深入研究,不同来源的多组分分离提取敏感粒级方法较多,不同的方法提取的粒级兼容性及其所反映的环境意义差别值得探讨。本文利用烟台四十里湾3个柱状沉积物粒度分析数据为基础,对比分析粒级-标准偏差法和主成分因子分析法提取的环境敏感因子及其反映的古环境意义。结果表明,两种方法提取的环境敏感因子粒级一一对应,两种方法所提取的敏感粒级含量在沉积物中存在相同的变化趋势,这说明了两种方法均能敏感地反映沉积物相同的沉积动力特征,但粒级-标准偏差法所提取的粒级易受端元组分影响,粒级-标准偏差法所提取的敏感因子主要反演主控因子环境信息。     

黑龙江省生态足迹计算与动态分析

生态足迹模型是定量评估可持续发展状态的代表之一.1978年以来,全省总生态足迹以40.2万hm2/年的速度增长,各类生态足迹也不断增长,化石能源增长速度快,省人均生态足迹从1.4832 hm2/人增加至2010年的1.905 7 hm2/人,增加0.422 5 hm2/人,上升28.49％,对生态足迹贡献率排序:化石能源用地＞耕地＞建设用地＞水域＞草地＞林地;生态承载力78年时为7 995.23万hm2,2010年达7 726.37万hm2,2010年贡献率排序为林地＞耕地＞水域＞化石能源用地＞草地＞建设用地;1993年后处于生态赤字状态,从单项土地类型来看,水域和林地处于生态盈余状态.     

A lab-scale study on heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification for nitrogen control in aquatic ecosystem

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nitrogen (N) loss is generally caused by denitrification under anaerobic conditions and the N loss in the heterotrophic nitrification_aerobic...