Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

Influence of hydroxypropylcyclodextrins on the toxicity of mixtures

We studied the influence of hydroxypropylcyclodextrins (HPCDs) on the toxicity of some mixtures. Using the Photobacterium phosphoreum toxicity test, the joint toxicological effect for Mixture I (containing p-nitrobenzaldehyde and 1-nitronaphthalene) and Mixture II (containing p-nitrobenzaldehyde and malononitrile) were determined in water and in aqueous solutions of HPCDs. The results indicate that, although the toxicological joint effect for Mixture I (simple addition) differs from that of Mixture II (synergism), alpha- and beta-HPCD can significantly reduce the toxicity of the test compounds, whereas gamma-HPCD has only a slight effect. Explanations for these observations are given that invoke the molecular structure of the individual chemicals as well as the structures of HPCDs. This provides information to assist the application of HPCDs in remediation of environmental pollution.     

Analysis of chemical compositions contributable to chemical oxygen demand (COD) of oilfield produced water

This work was to give a comprehensive estimation for the chemical compositions contributable to COD of the produced water treatment system. For this purpose, the wastewater samples were collected from an onshore wastewater treatment plant. The chemical compositions of the wastewater were investigated, and the COD contributed by each component was estimated. The results showed that the COD levels of O&G and SS presented decreasing trends during the whole process and achieved total removal percentages of 95.1% and 62.3%, respectively. The final COD of organic acids and low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds were respectively lowered to nearly 64% and 35% of their initial levels, and no regular trends were found for the COD of these chemicals during the whole treatment process. The COD of inorganic components presented minor variations at all sampling spots. The majority of COD was originated from O&G in raw wastewater. The COD contributed by O&G decreased greatly with continuous treatment and finally was lower than 17% of measured COD. At each sampling spot, the ratios of COD contributed by SS did not exceed 7.6% of measured COD. Other measured chemicals, including organic acids, carbonyl compounds, volatile phenols, reductive anions, metals and TDP were not the main sources of COD during the whole treatment process, and the ratio of COD was below 9% at each sampling spot. Most of the soluble components contributable to residual COD were still unknown after biological treatment, and the COD contributed by these components was greater than 57% of measured COD.     

产酸脱硫反应器中COD/SO42-比制约的群落生态演替规律

通过产酸脱硫反应器的动态试验和配套的静态试验,考察致变因子 COD/SO₄^2-比制约的乙酸型顶极群落的结构、优势种群的组成和生态演替的规律; 阐明乙酸型代谢和乙酸型顶极群落是产酸脱硫生态系统的典型特征;揭示乙酸型顶极群落内平衡与反馈调节的生理代谢机制,并以因变因子**pH值、氧化还原电位和碱度来表征生态演替过程中优势种群的三维实现生态位.     

生态系统健康与环境管理

环境管理和生态系统健康是密不可分的,生态系统健康是环境管理的目的,生态系统健康为环境管理提供了新的思路、新的方法,健康的生态系统为实现区域可持续发展提供技术支撑和发展基础.生态系统健康的发展演替过程是优化环境管理的步骤.优化的环境管理为生态系统健康发展提供宏观决策和社会经济保障.本文从学科发展的角度论述了生态系统健康产生的背景、理论基础和应用途径;从学科交叉的角度论述了生态系统健康的评价和与环境管理的关系.提出了环境管理的目标:健康的生态系统→健康的环境→健康的食品→健康的人类生态系统→健康的社会发展.     

浅覆地层盾构开挖面被动破坏极限支护力及破坏模式研究

浅覆地层盾构掘进时支护力过大极易导致开挖面前方土体发生被动破坏,造成地表隆起。基于筒仓理论,通过优化传统三维楔形体模型,建立楔形块+倒棱台的土体被动破坏三维计算模型(修正三维楔形体模型),并推导被动极限支护力计算公式;对不同埋深下滑动破裂角β分析研究;采用有限元分析软件MIDAS-GTS对盾构隧道开挖面的被动破坏进行模拟,揭示被动破坏支护力变化规律及破坏模式。结果表明:本文研究计算模型更符合开挖面土体被动破坏模式;通过对破裂角β分析,解析土体被动破坏时其最优解30°左右;在浅覆盾构开挖面中,揭示S/(γD)受土体内摩擦角φ、埋深比K的影响,文中S/(γD)随内摩擦角φ的增大呈非线性增加,埋深比K越大,其幅度越明显;破坏模式分析中,K越小,土体位移变形对S/(γD)越敏感,越容易发生开挖面被动破坏;发生被动破坏时,土体纵向位移变形大于横向位移变形。     

分光光度法测定水稻土中有机酸的研究

本文以三种有机酸为代表,研究并建立了测定水稻土中有机酸的分光光度法。结果表明,三种有机酸的有色络合物具有相同的吸收光谱,且具有相同的最大吸收波长(λ_(mss)=500um)和相近的表观摩尔吸光系数。水分对酯化反应影响很大,含水量达4ml时,吸光值下降85％。酯化温度在10℃以上时,酯化率达最大值且保持稳定。在25℃时,显色反应20min趋干稳定,且在1h内吸光值下降不超过1.2％。土样中的有机酸采用NaCl溶液为提取剂,以3:1的液土比振荡提取30min,NaCl溶液浓度为1％就能达到良好的提取、过滤效果。提取液在烘干前需进行碱化,否则有机酸将损失30％以上。本法平均回收率为92.2％(n=5),标准差为0-0.0478cmol k8~(-1)(n=2-6),平均0.0142cmol kg~(-1)(n=26);变异系数为0—10％(n=2-6),平均4.87％(n=26);线性范围为0—0.0018mol L~(-1)。     

农林复合经营研究──桉树人工林间种西瓜对林木和土壤的效应

本文调查研究了雷州林业局纪家、河头林场桉树人工林间种西瓜对林木和土壤的影响．结果表明，利用造林前空隙种一造西瓜或在桉树林地间种西瓜，均有利于桉树生长．单位面积林木蓄积量和年生长量均比对照林分显著增加，经济效益显著；土壤养分也有增加。作为农林复合经营的有益尝试，值得在有条件的地区推广。     

酸性pH及铝对鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）吸收^45Ca的影响

本文用放射性核素~(45)Ca作为示踪剂,研究在酸性pH及加铝的条件下,鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)对钙离子的吸收分布情况.结果表明,在pH值为7.10时,~(45)Ca在鲤鱼体内各器官的96h放射仕比度为鳃13886 cpm·g~(-1),骨骼10811 cpm·g~(-1),肝脏3276cpm·g~(-2)·肌肉2865cpm·g~(-1);在酸性pH(4.30)条件下,鲤鱼对钙离子的吸收和积累受到明显抑制;加铝后,鲤鱼体内各器官~(45)Ca放射性比度与未加铝的对照组相比,下降百分比分别为鳃42、4%.骨骼18 5%,肝脏44、2% 并讨论了酸雨危害鱼体钙代谢的可能影响.