栉孔扇贝卵发生的超微结构和细胞化学

对栉孔扇贝Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓｆａｒｒｅｒｉ 的卵原细胞和卵母细胞发育过程的超微结构和细胞化学研究结果表明：卵原细胞的胞质中含大量的游离核糖体,细胞器不发达,蛋白质和ＲＮＡ丰富而糖元贫乏;卵黄生成之前,卵母细胞中的核质膨大为生发泡;核仁发达,胞质中线粒体大为增多;卵黄体和皮层颗粒首先出现于核周,接近线粒体聚集处;卵黄生成盛期,卵母细胞的胞质内具平行片层粗面内质网和同心圆状粗面内质网,它们是生成卵黄体和皮层颗粒的主要细胞器,线粒体和高尔基器也参与了这两种内含物的生成;微胞饮作用也为细胞的发育提供某些物质;卵黄体含蛋白质和糖元,皮层颗粒富含多糖类;卵黄膜形成始于卵黄生成初期,先是细胞游离端的胞质出现一个富含多糖的突起,突起部的质膜微绒毛化,微绒毛分泌产生由中性多糖构成的卵黄膜,继而向四周扩展,并于卵母细胞成熟时覆盖整个细胞;ＲＮＡ 合成贯穿于卵母细胞的整个发育期,延续至卵黄生成结束之后,成熟分裂临近之时．     

离心气浮技术及在含油污水处理中的应用

针对含油污水处理将朝着低污染、低成本、易操作、结构紧凑、高效处理方向发展的要求,围绕离心气浮处理技术进行综述。将迄今各种含油污水离心气浮处理技术分为:基于充气水力旋流器的气浮旋流组合、气浮与常规水力旋流器单体组合、气浮与低强度旋流离心力场组合三大类,并对其特点进行了详细分析。国外采油污水处理的最新进展表明,紧凑型旋流气浮组合技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

云南省主要反刍家畜饲养基地土壤钴含量分布及其影响因素

土壤缺钴导致的饲料钴含量低是家畜钴缺乏的主要原因。文章对云南省主要家畜饲养基地巍山、洱源、丽江、永胜、元江、通海、陆良、宜良和昭通9个县(市)的147个土壤钴含量分布及其影响因素进行了研究,为评价区域性饲料及家畜钴的营养状况提供理论依据。样品钴的分析测定采用ICP-AES法。结果表明:云南省主要家畜饲养基地147个表层土样含钴量变异较大,变辐在6.50～23.87mg·kg-1之间,平均值为12.49mg·kg-1,略低于全国钴背景值,属中等含钴水平。钴含量最高的土壤为玄武岩红壤和碳酸盐岩红壤。成土母质和土壤铁、锰、铜、硒和阳离子交换量(CEC)对土壤钴含量及分布的影响较为突出,而土壤有机质、pH与土壤全钴含量无显著相关性。     

基于屋面绿化工程的油烟废气生物处理研究

利用自主筛选驯化的菌株,自制模拟屋面绿化工程的生物填料塔反应器,以屋面绿化工程中的营养土、绿色植物为天然生物材料,通过营养土和植物组成的生物过滤系统对油烟废气进行生物处理研究。考察了反应温度、气体停留时间、入口浓度、进气流量和营养液循环量等对油烟废气去除效果的影响。结果表明,当反应温度为33℃左右、停留时间为30 s、入口油烟废气小于3.0 mg/L、进气流量为0.8 L/h、营养液循环量为5 L/h时,对油烟废气有很好的去除效果,去除率可达到90%以上。     

Chemical composition, mass closure and sources of atmospheric PM10 from industrial sites in Shenzhen, China

Concentrations of atmospheric PM10 and chemical components (including twenty-one elements, nine ions, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were measured at five sites in a heavily industrial region of Shenzhen, China in 2005. Results showed that PM10 concentrations exhibited the highest values at 264 μg/m3 at the site near a harbor with the influence of harbor activities. Sulfur exhibited the highest concentrations (from 2419 to 3995 ng/m3) of all the studied elements, which may be related to the influence of coal used as fuel in this area for industrial plants. This was verified by the high mass percentages of SO42-, which accounted for 34.3%-39.7% of the total ions. NO3-/SO42- ratios varied from 0.64-0.71, which implies coal combustion was predominant compared with vehicle emission. The anion/cation ratios range was close to 0.95, indicating anion deficiency in this region. The harbor site showed the highest OC and EC concentrations, with the influence of emission from vessels. Secondary organic carbon accounted for about 22.6%-38.7% of OC, with the highest percentage occurring at the site adjacent to a coal-fired power plant and wood plant. The mass closure model performed well in this heavily industrial region, with significant correlation obtained between chemically determined and gravimetrically measured PM10 mass. The main constituents of PM10 were found to be organic materials (30.9%-69.5%), followed by secondary inorganic aerosol (7.9%-25.0%), crustal materials (6.7%-13.8%), elemental carbon (3.5%-10.8%), sea salt (2.4%-6.2%) and trace elements (2.0%-4.9%) in this heavily industrialized region. Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources for particulate matter in this industrial region were crustal materials and coal/wood combustion, oil combustion, secondary aerosols, industrial processes and vehicle emission.     

宁夏的减排、能源、经济与环境的初步探讨

"十一五"期间宁夏环境保护工作取得重大进展,环境质量全面、稳步改善。本文基于减排、能源、经济与环境质量的相关数据,利用SPSS统计软件分析宁夏"十一五"期间能源、经济和环境三者之间的关系,结果表明:宁夏"十一五"污染防治政策较为成功,实现经济和环保"双赢"。在此基础上,针对存在的问题,提出进一步改善环境质量,实现能源、环境和社会经济协调发展的对策与建议。     

农业面源污染特征及治理对策

随着社会经济的发展,中国农业面源污染日益严重,面源污染在很大程度上引起耕地退化,严重影响农产品的质与量.在概述农村面源污染特征的基础上,分析农村面源污染的影响因素,其中化学肥料、农药、畜禽粪便及养殖废弃物、生产和生活污水、生活垃圾等是面源污染的重要因子,从农作技术、水土保持及意识政策等多方面考虑提出农业面源污染的防治措施,并对中国农业面源污染的未来研究进行展望.     

苏州河上游地区滨岸缓冲带试验基地设计思路

为探索控制农业面源污染的有效方法，改善河道水质，逐步修复河道原有生态功能和增加生物多样性，上海市在苏州河环境综合整治一期、二期工程实施的基础上，立项开展了苏州河环境综合整治三期工程实用技术研究。旨在通过选择苏州河上游区域某一自然河道，建立完整的滨岸缓冲带体系并进行现场试验，开展上海地区滨岸缓冲带的设计、建设和养护管理等方面的实践工作，同时考察滨岸缓冲带生物栖息地功能、滨岸带景观功能和改善河流水质功能等方面的功效。文章阐述了滨岸缓冲带试验基地设计中的一些思路，分析了基地选址及环境条件，从植被选择及其群落配置、坡度选择、取样管设置、面源污染防治试验工艺流程等方面进行了试验基地的设计。     

张士灌区镉污染及其改良途径

张士灌区是国内镉严重污染区。本文全面论述了1981—1983年以来所采取综合防治的效果:①减少灌溉水中Cd浓度,提高pH,改污灌为清灌;②增施石灰、钙镁磷肥等各种改良剂;③农业工程方法、客土、去土;④生物改良方法、种植其他作物,或将污染稻谷作为良种繁育。几年来密切联系生产实际,在污染现场作试验。试验所得结果适合于灌区实际应用。     

Variation characteristics of fine particulate matter and its components in diesel vehicle emission plumes

A rapid reaction occurs near the exhaust nozzle when vehicle emissions contact the air. Twenty diesel vehicles were studied using a new multipoint sampling system that is suitable for studying the exhaust plume near the exhaust nozzle. The variation characteristics of fine particle matter (PM_2.5) and its components in diesel vehicle exhaust plumes were analyzed. The PM_2.5 emissions gradually increased with increasing distance from the nozzle in the plume. Elemental carbon emissions remained basically unchanged, organic carbon and total carbon (TC) increased with increasing distance. The concentrations of SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ (SNA) directly emitted by the vehicles were very low but increased rapidly in the exhaust plume. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reduced 42.7% TC, 40% NO₃^? emissions, but increased 104% SO₄^2? and 36% NH₄⁺ emissions, respectively. In summary, the SCR reduced 29% primary PM_2.5 emissions for the tested diesel vehicles. The NH₄NO₃ particle formation maybe more important in the plume, and there maybe other forms of formation of NH₄⁺ (eg. NH₄Cl). The generation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) plays a leading role in the generation of secondary PM_2.5. The SCR enhanced the formation of SOC and SNA in the plume, but comprehensive analysis shows that the SCR more enhanced the SNA formation in the plume, which is mainly new particles formation process. The inconsistency between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and primary organic aerosol definitions is one of the important reasons for the difference between SOA simulation and observation.