济源市平原区农田重金属污染特征及综合风险评估

铅锌冶炼区农田重金属污染问题受到广泛关注.本研究通过区域调查和空间分析明确济源市东部平原区农田土壤-小麦重金属污染特征,应用富集因子、潜在生态风险指数法和Monte Carlo模拟方法评估区域土壤重金属生态风险以及小麦Cd和Pb健康风险.结果表明：土壤Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn平均含量分别为1.51、97.1、29.0和79.5 mg·kg^-1,均高于河南省土壤元素背景值.其中74.2%和10.8%的样点Cd、Pb含量分别超过农田土壤风险筛选值,61.3%和40.9%的样点小麦Cd、Pb含量分别超过国家食品安全限量标准.富集因子研究结果表明土壤Cd污染程度最高.高风险区主要分布在西南部、西北部和中东部以铅锌冶炼为主的工业区.健康风险评估结果显示研究区小麦Cd非致癌风险和致癌风险高于国际推荐安全值的概率分别高达27.5%和100%.济源市小麦田Cd、Pb累积显著,需引起当地有关部门足够关注.空间分析与风险评价结果相结合,可以有效辨识高风险区域,进而为研究区污染防治和管控提供理论依据.     

Particle number size distribution and new particle formation: New characteristics during the special pollution control period in Beijing

New particle formation is a key process in shaping the size distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere.We present here the measurement results of number and size distribution of aerosol particles (10-1...     

山地草甸退化对土壤速效养分的影响

以江西省武功山草甸为研究对象,分析不同海拔高度(1 600~1 900m)和不同土层(0~20cm和20~40cm)的草甸土壤有机质、p H值和速效养分对草甸退化的响应。结果表明:(1)在武功山草甸区各个海拔,草甸退化均使土壤有机质和速效养分含量有所下降,并且对表层土的影响要大于深层土。(2)草甸退化使得碱解氮和速效磷间的相关性减弱,速效钾和碱解氮、有效磷之间的相关性加强,土壤p H值与碱解氮之间由不显著相关变为极显著负相关(R=-0.637,P0.01)。     

Multi-factors influencing the spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils surrounding drinking water protection zone

We selected the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China as a case where an industrial area locates on the upwind corner to study the influence of human activities and natural processes on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. Soil PAH concentrations in the study area follow a log-normal probability distribution function, suggesting that distribution of PAH in soils was affected by human activities. Distribution of PAHs in soils was significantly affected by the point source that high PAH concentrations were observed in near industrial area with an obvious declining trend from the northwest to the southeast which was the prevailing wind direction in this area. Away from the influence of point source, distribution of PAHs in soils was found to significantly correlate with total organic carbon content, while the influences of agricultural land uses and type of soil texture on the total soil PAHs contents and ring compositions were quite limited. The results can provide some evidences and data on the pollutant accumulation in drink water protection area influenced by natural processes and human activities.     

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: Opportunities and challenges

The growing water stress both in terms of water scarcity and quality deterioration promotes the development of reclaimed water as a new water resource use. This paper reviewed wastewater reuse practices in China, and the opportunities and challenges of expanding reclaimed water use were analyzed. Rapid urbanization with the increasing of water demand and wastewater discharge provides an opportunity for wastewater reuse. The vast amount of wastewater discharge and low reclaimed water production mean that wastewater reuse still has a great potential in China. Many environmental and economic benefits and successful reclamation technologies also provide opportunities for wastewater reuse. In addition, the overall strategy in China is also encouraging for wastewater reuse. In the beginning stage of wastewater reclamation and reuse, there are many significant challenges to expand wastewater reuse in China including slow pace in adopting urban wastewater reuse programs, the establishment of integrated water resources management framework and guidelines for wastewater reuse programs, incoherent water quality requirements, the limited commercial development of reclaimed water and the strengthening of public awareness and cooperation among stakeholders.     

原油加热炉炉管剩余寿命评估

根据加热炉炉管温度分布,提出了加热炉炉管剩余寿命评估方法:即炉管蠕变损伤后剩余寿命的评估和腐蚀损伤后剩余寿命的评估,采用此方法对在用加热炉进行了评估,并对评价结果进行了验证.     

Observations of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deposition During the Period of Algal Bloom Formation in Northern Lake Taihu,China

Cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu occurred at the end of April 2007 and had crucial impacts on the livelihood of millions of people living there. Excessive nutrients may promote bloom formation. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition appears to play an important role in algal bloom formation. Bulk deposition and rain water samples were collected respectively from May 1 to November 30, 2007, the period of optimal algal growth, to measure the bulk atmospheric deposition rate, wet deposition rate, and dry deposition rate for total nitrogen (TN; i.e., all species of nitrogen), and total phosphorus (TP; i.e., all species of phosphorus), in northern Lake Taihu, China. The trends of the bulk atmospheric deposition rate for TN and the wet deposition rate for TN showed double peaks during the observation period and distinct influence with plum rains and typhoons. Meanwhile, monthly bulk atmospheric deposition rates for TP showed little influence of annual precipitation. However, excessive rain may lead to high atmospheric N and P deposition rates. In bulk deposition samples, the average percentage of total dissolved nitrogen accounting for TN was 91.2% and changed little with time. However, the average percentage of total dissolved phosphorus accounting for TP was 65.6% and changed substantially with time. Annual bulk atmospheric deposition rates of TN and TP during 2007 in Lake Taihu were estimated to be 2,976 and 84 kg km⁻² a⁻¹, respectively. The results showed decreases of 34.4% and 78.7%, respectively, compared to 2002–2003. Annual bulk deposition load of TN for Lake Taihu was estimated at 6,958 t a⁻¹ in 2007 including 4,642 t a⁻¹ of wet deposition, lower than the values obtained in 2002–2003. This may be due to measures taken to save energy and emission control regulations in the Yangtze River Delta. Nevertheless, high atmospheric N and P deposition loads helped support cyanobacterial blooms in northern Lake Taihu during summer and autumn, the period of favorable algal growth.     

餐厨垃圾的黑水虻处理中含钙矿物及微生物对油脂转化效率的影响

黑水虻处理是近年来发展起来的一种餐厨垃圾的有效资源化方法,但由于黑水虻的生理特性,油脂类物质经常不能被彻底降解和去除,残渣仍有酸败气味,需堆肥化二次处理.为了提高油脂类成分的降解效率,提升黑水虻富集油脂的资源化能力,本研究拟以含钙矿物和微生物为主要辅助手段,通过向餐厨垃圾中添加湿重比例为0~10%的CaCO₃、0~10%的Ca(OH)₂、5%CaCO₃和菌液的混合物及6种不同菌液,研究含钙矿物和微生物对于油脂减量化和虫油转化效率的影响.结果发现,向餐厨垃圾中添加含钙矿物,能够显著调节和缓冲黑水虻处理过程中的环境pH值,但对增加油脂的去除效率和黑水虻油脂的转化能力没有显著作用.而且添加7%~10% 的CaCO₃对于餐厨垃圾的减量化率和黑水虻的虫产率有负作用,添加5%~10%的Ca(OH)₂会导致显著的幼虫死亡率.同时添加CaCO₃和菌液对于油脂的去除不利.仅添加微生物菌液是提高垃圾油脂减量化率和黑水虻油脂富集率的最有效方法.枯草芽孢杆菌NJZ菌株、地衣芽孢杆菌NY菌株、植物乳酸杆菌RS72菌株和粪肠球菌L102菌株,是提高黑水虻油脂转化效率的有效菌株.添加微生物后,黑水虻的虫油产率由对照组的10.4%提升至12.8%~14.4%,虫油富集率由对照组的93.9%提升至116%~130%.虫油富集率超过100%,说明餐厨垃圾中碳水化合物、蛋白质等非油脂成分的一部分转化为黑水虻的体脂,而微生物的辅助降解可能是强化这一过程的主要因素.但即使在接种微生物以后,虫沙中仍然有29%~44%的油脂在处理结束时剩余,说明餐厨垃圾中的油脂较难被彻底降解和利用.未来研究中,可以继续筛选高效降解油脂的微生物,与黑水虻共同处理餐厨垃圾,实现油脂成分的资源化全利用.     

造粒处理对城镇污泥蚯蚓堆肥微生物群落碳源利用的影响

采用Biolog Eco微平板法探讨了城镇污泥造粒的预处理方法对蚯蚓堆肥系统中微生物碳源利用的影响.结果显示,造粒处理会显著提高城镇污泥中微生物群落对碳源利用的优势度和均匀度,但会降低碳源利用的多样性.与初始污泥相比,造粒处理对氧环境的改善在蚯蚓堆肥的前15 d明显提高了H1(a-D-乳糖)、A3(D-半乳糖酸γ内酯)、D4(L-丝氨酸)、C1(吐温40)、E1(a-环状糊精)、C3(2-羟苯甲酸)、B3(D-半乳糖醛酸)和F3(衣康酸)这8种碳源的代谢强度,增高幅度达到10.81%~24.83%.从碳源利用模式来看,蚯蚓堆肥系统中微生物的碳源利用表现出多元化向单一化发展的特点.胺类和酚类是微生物利用的主要碳源,约占总利用率的40%.污泥造粒和蚯蚓堆肥对胺类的利用无明显影响.与S组相比,15 d前造粒处理会提高氨基酸类和羧酸类的利用率8%以上,对酚类、聚合物类和碳水化合物类无明显影响.但这3类碳源对蚯蚓的作用更加敏感,蚯蚓可以使这3类碳源的利用率提高11%以上.15 d后随着基质中可利用物质的减少和蚓粪的积累,微生物对酚类、羧酸类和氨基酸类的代谢产生了明显的偏好,总体的碳源代谢能力却有所降低.     

环草隆与重金属复合污染对黄瓜及小麦的毒性效应评估

为探究草坪除草剂与重金属复合污染对高等植物的生态毒性效应,以小麦与黄瓜为敏感受试植物,采用滤纸发芽试验法,研究了典型草坪除草剂环草隆与4种重金属(Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd)单一及复合污染条件下,对2种植物种子萌发与幼苗生长的毒性效应并进行评估。在此基础上采用评估因子法外推环草隆在土壤中的预测无效应浓度(PNECsoil)。结果表明,2种植物的根长及小麦的芽长对环草隆与重金属非常敏感(P<0.01),且存在明显的剂量-效应关系。黄瓜根长对环草隆最敏感,根长半抑制浓度(RI50)为0.281 mg·L-1。小麦根长对Cu、Pb、Cd比黄瓜根长更敏感。环草隆与重金属复合污染时,黄瓜根长表现得最为敏感,可作为敏感生物标记物。环草隆与重金属复合污染对小麦及黄瓜根长抑制具有协同作用,并且随着重金属浓度的增大,黄瓜和小麦根生长对环草隆的敏感性增加。环草隆与重金属复合污染对小麦芽长的联合效应主要与重金属种类及其暴露浓度有关。以黄瓜的根伸长抑制率为急性毒性终点,利用外推法计算得环草隆在土壤中的PNECsoil为1.90μg·kg~(-1),远远低于环草隆田间推荐使用量1.5~9 mg·kg~(-1)。与重金属复合污染时,环草隆的PNECsoil明显降低,导致其生态风险提高。上述研究结果能够为草坪除草剂环草隆与重金属复合污染的生态风险评价提供数据支持。