A New Statistical Dynamic Analysis of Ecosystem Patterns

While phenomenological investigations of ecosystem patterns often fail to reveal underlying dynamic mechanisms, we highlight a universal principle for pattern formation in ecosystems. We consider ecosystems to be typical complex adaptive systems that seek an optimal process to obtain maximized flux under given constraints. An analysis of the optimal process reveals underlying microscopic dynamic mechanisms that induce complex patterns in ecosystems. We emulate ecosystem patterns using a Self-Organization Feature Map: an artificial neural network theoretical model by which evolution processes, structural classifications, and the fractal growth of ecosystem patterns can be simulated. The results help us analyze the formation and dynamics of ecosystem patterns, with attending implications for the classification, protection, and optimization of ecosystems.     

Al-Ferron络合比色动力学特征与聚合铝溶液形态

本文考察了Al-Ferron逐时络合比色反应的假一级反应动力学特征,并探讨了其动力学参数的变化规律与聚合铝溶液形态分布和转化间的关系,结果表明,[Al_b]_0与[Al_b]间的差值大小随roH的变化情况可反映Al_b的具体组分分布的复杂程度;k_b值的变化从一定程度上可为Al_13是Al_b形态的主要组分提供佐证。     

Mass balance-based regression modeling of Cd and Zn accumulation in urban soils of Beijing

Accumulation of heavy metals in urban soil can pose adverse impacts on public health and terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a mass balance-based regression model to simulate the heavy metal accumulation in urban soils as a function of time and to explore connections between metal concentration and urbanization processes. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in 68 residential soil samples in the urban area of Beijing were used. The background concentrations, the loss rates and the input fluxes of Cd and Zn in urban soils of Beijing during the last three decades were estimated using a regression of the time series of accumulations of the metals. Based on the regression estimates, we simulated the general trends of Cd and Zn accumulation in the soils from 1978 to 2078. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil generally increased with the population growth, vehicle use and coal consumption. The mean concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil of Beijing would increase by 3 fold over the next 70 years for the current development scenario. The mass balance-based regression approach, which is able to reconstruct the history data of urban soil pollution, provides fundamental information for urban planning and environmental management.     

土壤中铜的形态及其转化

本文报告了使用连续提取方法研究加铜培育的黄棕壤、水稻土、红壤、砖红壤中铜的形态,并初步考察了土壤酸度、氧化还原状况等因素对铜形态的影响,对铜在不同矿物之间结合形态的转化进行了模拟。     

附载TiO2光催化降解咪蚜胺农药

以主波长３６５ｎｍ的黑炽荧光灯为光源,研究了由ＣＭＣ－Ｎａ附载ＴｉＯ２光催化降解咪蚜胺农药的过程。结果表明,咪蚜胺农药在３＊８Ｗ黑炽荧光灯照射下,经附载ＴｉＯ２作用３ｈ后可降解５０％以上,其光解可用假一级动力学方程表示。     

Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing

Size segragated samples were collected during high polluted winter haze days in 2006 in Beijing, China. Twenty nine elements and 9 water soluble ions were determined. Heavy metals of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, As, Cr, Ni, V and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effect on human being. Among these heavy metals, the levels of Mn, As and Cd exceeded the reference values of National Ambient Air Quality Standard （GB3095-2012） and guidelines of World Health Organization. By estimation, high percentage of atmospheric heavy metals in PM2.5 indicates it is an effective way to control atmospheric heavy metals by PM2.5 controlling. Pb, Cd, and Zn show mostly in accumulation mode, V, Mn and Cu exist mostly in both coarse and accumulation modes, and Ni and Cr exist in all of the three modes. Considering the health effect, the breakthrough rates of atmospheric heavy metals into pulmonary alveoli are： Pb （62.1%） 〉 As （58.1%） 〉 Cd （57.9%） 〉 Zn （57.7%） 〉 Cu （55.8%） 〉 Ni （53.5%） 〉 Cr （52.2%） 〉 Mn （49.2%） 〉 V （43.5%）. Positive matrix factorization method was applied for source apportionment of studied heavy metals combined with some marker elements and ions such as K, As, SO42- etc., and four factors （dust, vehicle, aged and transportation, unknown） are identified and the size distribution contribution of them to atmospheric heavy metals are discussed.     

介质阻挡放电处理水中3,4-二氯苯胺机理研究

采用介质阻挡放电产生低温等离子体来处理水中3,4-二氯苯胺(3,4-DCA),考察了放电功率、空气流量、金属离子(Fe2+、Cu2+)浓度、光催化剂二氧化钛对3,4-DCA去除率的影响,并分析了降解产物及可能的降解机理.实验结果表明,介质阻挡放电方法对3,4-DCA有良好的去除效果,在3,4-DCA初始浓度为30mg·L-1,放电功率为80W,空气流量为1L·min-1时,放电处理6min后3,4-DCA的去除率可达92.5%.增加空气流量能显著地提高3,4-DCA的去除率,添加亚铁离子(Fe2+)浓度和光催化剂TiO2均能提高3,4-DCA的去除率,且存在最佳添加量值.介质阻挡放电方法对3,4-DCA的降解去除反应符合一级反应动力学.通过气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析检测发现,反应主要为脱氯、脱氨基和苯环开环反应,二氯乙烯为其主要的降解产物.     

基于碳捕集的富氧燃煤烟气联合脱硫脱硝试验研究

富氧燃煤烟气压缩液化CO2的高压低温工况为NO氧化为易溶于水的NO2提供了十分有利的条件.基于小型高压吸收试验装置,采用配制的富氧燃煤模拟烟气,在高压常温下进行了NO、SO2、O2与H2O的吸收反应试验.根据反应前后的气液产物分析,测定了不同组分比例与不同压力下混合气体中NO与SO2的转化率.NO氧化与吸收试验表明,NO转化为HNO3的比率随压力升高而增加,在0.5 ～2 MPa之间增加很快,在2 ～3 MPa之间增速趋丁平缓,压力达3 MPa以上时,90％以上的NO均转化为稀硝酸,且初始NO浓度越高,NO的转化率越大.混合气体中同时存在5O2与NO的联合吸收试验发现,只有少量的NO转化成了NO3-,SO2向H2SO4的转化率随压力升高而增加,初始SO2浓度越大,转化率越高.分析表明,SO2与NO同时存在时SO2先行转化为SO3,NO充当了催化剂,但SO2转化为SO3的一次转化率小于35％,反应酸液产物的多次循环能使SO2的转化率达到90％以上.建议的工艺流程中需采用两座吸收反应塔顺序脱除SO2与NO并回收稀酸溶液,有望在富氧燃煤发电捕集CO2系统中降低脱硫脱硝成本,部分地弥补富氧燃烧机组发电成本的增加.     

A model on the carbon cycling in Lake Taihu, China

A model of the carbon cycling in Lake Taihu was developed based on the previous developed model EcoTaihu Model, which couples the hydrology, the nutrient cycling and a number of biological processes. The carbon cycling model (abbreviated CCM) has in addition to the states variables of the EcoTaihu Model, the carbon in phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, macroplant, hydrogen carbonate carbon, carbonate carbon, dissolved carbon, abiotic organic carbon in water, organic carbon in sediment, soluble organic carbon in pore water, inorganic carbon in sediments, soluble inorganic carbon in pore water and pH. The calibration and validation of the CCM showed that the model results are in good accordance with the observations (from the period February17 to December. 5, 2003). It implies that the model can be used to assess the variation of the carbon dioxide flux at the water-air interface, and to find the pH value of the lake water as function of time. According to the model, the carbon dioxide flux at the water-air interface has clear, diurnal variations. Eutrophied water is a sink for the atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the phytosynthesis during the summer. Due to the terrestrial input of carbon to the lake, Lake Taihu is, however, a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The total annual flux is almost equal to the terrestrial input of carbon to the lake.     

中国几种土壤中的有机态硒及其分布特征

采用0.1mol/L NaOH-0.1mol/L Na_4P_2O_7浸提,活性碳分离技术研究了中国湿润半湿润地区几种土壤中有机态硒的化学特征.供试土壤有机态硒占全硒含量的百分数变幅为3.46％—59.86％,平均28.42％.影响有机硒含量的主要因素有全硒含量(r=0.8033)、有机碳含量(r=0.6618)、土壤交换性酸(r=0.6136)和pH(r=-0.5248)。土壤有机质的C/Se为0.58×10~6-42.93×10~6,平均为6.38×10~6.低硒环境土壤有机质的C/Se显著高于正常硒含量土壤.以平均计,胡敏酸结合态硒约占有机态硒的34％,富啡酸结合态硒占66％.缺硒土壤有机态硒中,胡敏酸结合态硒的比例一般都较高.