Arsenic, cadmium, and lead in California cropland soils: role of phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers

Phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers contain potentially harmful trace elements, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). We investigated if application of these fertilizer increases the As, Cd, and Pb concentrations of the receiving soils. More than 1000 soil samples were collected in seven major vegetable production regions across California. Benchmark soils (no or low fertilizer input) sampled in 1967 and re-sampled in 2001 served as a baseline. Soils were analyzed for total concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, P, and Zn. The P and Zn concentrations of the soils were indicators of P fertilizer and micronutrient inputs, respectively. Results showed that the concentrations of these elements in the vegetable production fields in some production areas of California had been shifted upward. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the seven production areas could be sorted into three categories: (i) enrichment of As, Cd, and Pb, which was associated with the enrichment of P and Zn in one of the seven areas surveyed; (ii) enrichment of As, which was associated with enrichment of Zn in two of the seven areas surveyed; and (iii) no remarkable correlation between enrichment of As, Cd, and Pb and enrichment of P and Zn in the other four areas surveyed.     

Continuous time random walk model better describes the tailing of atrazine transport in soil

Contaminant transport in soils is complicated and involves some physical and chemical nonequilibrium processes. In this research, the soil column displacement experiments of Cl⁻ and atrazine under different flow velocities were carried out. The data sets of Cl⁻ transport in sandy loam fitted to the convection dispersion equation (CDE) and the two-region model (TRM) indicated that the effects of physical nonequilibrium process produced by immobile water on the breakthrough curves (BTCs) of Cl⁻ and atrazine transport through the repacking soil columns were negligible. The two-site model (TSM) and the continuous time random walk (CTRW) were also used to fit atrazine transport behavior at the flow rate of 19.86 cm h⁻¹. The CTRW convincingly captured the full evolution of atrazine BTC in the soil column, especially for the part of long tailing. However, the TSM failed to characterize the tailing of atrazine BTC in the soil column. The calculated fraction of equilibrium sorption sites, F, ranging from 0.78 to 0.80 for all flow rates suggested the contribution of nonequilibrium sorption sites to the asymmetry of atrazine BTCs. Furthermore, the data sets for the flow rates of 6.68 cm h⁻¹ and 32.81 cm h⁻¹ were predicted by the TSM and the CTRW. As to the flow rate of 6.68 cm h⁻¹, the CTRW predicted the entire BTC of atrazine transport better than the TSM did. For the flow rate of 32.81 cm h⁻¹, the CTRW characterized the late part of the tail better, while the TSM failed to predict the tailings of atrazine BTC.     

洞庭湖演变趋势分析

洞庭湖的演变制约湖区的资源开发与环境整治。根据洞庭湖的湖底淤积与湖泊水面缩小的速率，分别论述了目平涌，南洞庭湖和东洞庭湖的自然演变趋势。结合三峡工程对洞庭湖的影响。分析了建坝后洞庭湖泊水面的变化及河流入湖三角洲的发育。     

膜生物反应器(MBR)处理酒精生产废水的试验研究

研究了膜生物反应器(MBR)处理酒精生产废水的特性和效果。探讨了生物降解和膜滤作用对CODCr、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的降低效果以及膜组件运行压力等。研究结果表明,膜生物反应器(MBR)中生物在2~4 h内对CODCr、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的降解效果明显,而膜滤是强化生物降解效果的补充,对CODCr,NH+4-N,TN和TP的去除均有着不同程度的效果,说明膜生物反应器能净化酒精生产废水。     

2024-T62铝合金涂层外场腐蚀环境下电化学性能研究

目的评估自然暴露条件下涂层的耐蚀性能。方法选取西沙热带海洋环境作为自然暴晒场,开展2024-T62铝合金涂层(N1和N2)在湿热暴露、紫外照射、盐雾等综合腐蚀环境下的外场暴晒试验,利用电化学测试方法对暴晒后涂层在3.5%Na Cl溶液中浸泡不同时间的耐蚀性能进行研究。结果铝合金涂层外场暴晒试验后,电化学阻抗值下降,综合腐蚀环境具有显明的加速作用。随着在3.5%Na Cl溶液的浸泡时间增加,C_(coat)-T值不断增大,Rcoat值不断减小。结论 N1铝合金涂层暴晒件电化学阻抗值较高,具有较强的耐蚀性能。     

紫外光在臭氧降解不同有机物过程中的协同作用

利用O3／UV分别对与臭氧有不同反应活性的对氯苯酚、硝基苯、乙酸和草酸进行了降解试验,结果表明,UV与臭氧化降解的协同作用与目标有机物本身的性质有很大关系,在本实验条件下,UV与臭氧的联用反而降低了对氯苯酚的臭氧化降解效率,30min后体系的TOC去除率仅有59％,而单独臭氧化TOC的去除率达到了66％;对硝基苯和草酸而言,UV均明显地提高了臭氧的降解效率,40min时两者TOC的去除率分别为44％和90％,比单独臭氧化处理分别高出了6％和33％;但是,O3／UV对乙酸几乎无降解活性．在这4种有机物的单独臭氧化降解过程中,除对氯苯酚外,水中均可检测到溶解臭氧．以上的实验结果表明,目标有机物对紫外光的吸收及单独臭氧化过程水中溶解臭氧的存在是O3／UV降解效率提高的必要条件．除UV对目标有机物的活化作用外,降解过程的中间产物H2O2也是O3／UV降解效率提高的一个重要因素,UV分解溶解臭氧在此过程可能仅起了辅助作用。     

除草剂苯达松与腐植酸作用机理的研究

采用ＩＲ，ＥＳＲ，ＵＶ等近代仪器分析手段，对除草剂苯达松与２种不同来源的腐植酸的作用机理进行了研究。结果表明，苯达松与腐植酸作用时，因腐植酸所含官能团各类，数量不同，形成不同的吸附机理，含有羟基较多的腐植酸ＨＡ１，易与苯达松形成离子键，氢链是其可能的吸附机理；而含有胺基和低羧基的腐植酸ＨＡ２，则易与苯达松以氢键相结合，苯达松与腐植酸作用时，两者之间发生了电荷转移，形成了更大的共轭体系。     

新农药吡虫啉水解动力学和机理研究

介绍了吡虫啉在不同酸、碱条件下的降解动力学情况．实验表明，吡虫啉在酸性、中性条件下比较稳定，不易水解，而在碱性条件下水解速度较快．通过对水解产物的鉴定，确定了水解产物主要是１（６氯—３吡啶甲基）—２咪唑酮，从而推测了有关吡虫啉的水解机理．     

太湖金墅湾水源保护区陆域水质特征

水源保护区陆域良好的水质是供水安全的重要保证。为探讨太湖地区水源保护区陆域水质现状及陆域污染对水源地取水口水质的影响,以太湖金墅湾水源保护区为研究对象,对陆域河流、入湖河口及邻近湖区进行了系统的调查。结果表明：陆域水质氮含量超过国家Ⅳ类水标准,污染程度高于湖区,其中以硝态氮为主的农业非点源污染对水源地水质构成较大威胁;磷含量维持在Ⅲ类水质,污染程度较小。保护区河流污染受季节性变化影响显著,且存在明显的空间差异。     

共代谢在难生物降解污水处理中的应用

本文简介生物共代谢机理及工程应用的实例,生活污水的共代谢效率可使难生物降解工业污水CODCr去除率提升21.5％,而葡萄糖的共代谢效率可使CODCr去除率提升38.5％,具有明显的降解效果。