灭草松在腐殖酸上的吸附及其机理

通过吸附动力学、吸附等温线和IR，ESR技术，研究了腐殖酸对灭草松的吸附及吸附机理，并且对pH、离子强度对吸附过程的影响进行了探讨。结果表明灭草松在腐殖酸上经过大约4h的初始快速阶段，此后进入慢速吸附过程。溶液pH可能会影响腐殖酸的构型。高pH时，吸附量随溶液离子强度增加稍有增加。灭草松在腐殖酸上的吸附过程中存在氢键、电荷转移作用，疏水分配也是可能存在的机理。     

吡虫啉在土壤中的吸附及作用机理研究

研究了吡虫啉在土壤中的吸附及作用。结果表明，吡虫啉在土壤中的吸附主要归结于土壤有机质对它的结合，其它因素影响较小，Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ常数Ｋｆ与ＯＭ（％）有较好的相关性；吡虫淋能与腐殖酸作用发生电荷转移，并能与腐殖酸羟基形成氢健。     

低残油土壤中高效降油菌的筛选分离及其营养平衡

为了更有效地修复被石油污染的土壤,以低残油土壤为菌源,原油为唯一碳源,经反复驯化筛选后得到降解石油的高效菌,初步鉴定其为动胶菌属(Zoogloeasp.)。并对该菌种的营养平衡条件进行了初探。试验筛选出优势氮源为NH4NO3,氮磷比应控制在4∶1左右。     

Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.     

Effect of bio-column composed of aged refuse on methane abatement – A novel configuration of biological oxidation in refuse landfill

An experimental bio-column composed of aged refuse was installed around the exhaust pipe as a new way to mitigate methane in refuse landfill.One of the objectives of this work was to assess the effect of aged refuse thickness in bio-column on reducing CH 4 emissions.Over the study period,methane oxidation was observed at various thicknesses,5 cm (small size),10 cm (middle size) and 15 cm (large size),representing one to three times of pipeline diameters.The middle and large size both showed over 90% methane conversion,and the highest methane conversion rate of above 95% occurred in the middle-size column cell.Michaelis-Menten equation addressed the methanotrophs diffusion in different layers of the bio-columns.Maximum methanotrophic activity (V max) measured at the three thicknesses ranged from 6.4 × 10 3 to 15.6 × 10 3 units,and the half-saturation value (K M) ranged from 0.85% to 1.67%.Both the highest V max and K M were observed at the middle-size of the bio-column,as well as the largest methanotrophs population,suggesting a significant efficiency of methane mitigation happened in the optimum zone with greatest affinity and methanotrophic bacteria activities.Therefore,bio-column is a potential style for methane abatement in landfill,and the aged refuse both naturally formed and artificially placed in the column plays a critical role in CH 4 emission.     

Aerobic biodegradation of amines in industrial saline wastewaters

The treatment of hypersaline wastewaters represents a challenge since high salt concentrations disrupt bacteria present in normal biological treatments. This study was conducted to determine the fate of amines in two hypersaline wastewaters obtained from an industrial treatment plant processing influents with 3% and 7% of NaCl. The compounds were aniline (ANL), 4,4′-methylenedianiline (4,4′-MDA), cyclohexylamine (CHA), N-(2-aminoethyl)ethanolamine (AEA), N,N-diethylethanolamine (DEA), N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine (MDEA), and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine (TEA). Mixtures of these chemicals with a mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of 1000 mg L⁻¹ were prepared at two salinities (3% and 7% NaCl). Ethanolamines were readily biodegraded at both salinities, following first-order kinetics with half-lives ranging between 10 and 58 h. Hydroxyl groups present in the ethanolamines had a positive impact on the biodegradation. Salinity did not affect the biodegradation rate of TEA and MDEA, whereas AEA and DEA degraded faster in 3% NaCl. After 48 h, CHA was metabolized within a 24-h period in 3% NaCl, while no degradation was observed in 7% NaCl. ANL exhibited lag phases in both salinities and, in the following 24-h period, ANL concentrations dropped 40% and disappeared after 48 h. 4,4′-MDA degraded in 3% NaCl (half-life of 123 h) and remained unaltered after 120 h in 7% NaCl.     

太湖北部藻类生长旺盛期大气氮、磷沉降特征

按照<大气降水样品的采集与保存标准>(GB/T 153580.2-92)收集大气N、P沉降物和降水量,并测定了2007年5～11月太湖北部梅梁湾藻类生长旺盛期间大气TN、TP的干、湿沉降通量.结果表明,太湖北部梅粱湾大气TN月湿沉降通量和月总沉降通量的变化趋势均呈双峰型特征,与当地梅雨和台风侵袭时的降水量呈明显正相关,并且TN的月湿沉降通量高于月干沉降适量,但降水量最少的11月则相反;大气TP月干、月湿沉降通量呈相互交替的变化趋势.大气N沉降物中主要以溶解性氮(TDN)为主,平均约占91.4%;而P沉降物中溶解性磷(TDP)占的比例相对较低,平均约为65.1%.经测定,2007年太湖北部梅梁湾TN和TP的年沉降通量分别为2 976、84.0 kg/km2,相比2002年7月至2003年6月分别下降34.4%和78.7%;2007年太湖北部梅粱湾大气TN的年沉降量高达6 958 t,远超过太湖湖泊生态系统理论允许的TN年沉降量.     

中国一些岩类中硒的比较研究

用荧光分光光度法分析了114个岩样和陆架沉积物中的微量硒.样品基本覆盖我国地表主要岩类.硒在样本空间呈不规则多重全域分布,经模式校正,所得岩浆岩硒值高于美国标准岩样,而沉积岩硒值明显偏低,据此推算了硒的区域丰度值以及我国地表成土母质硒含量的阈值下限.     

太湖沼泽化评价方法的建立及应用

为了研究太湖的沼泽化现状,在考虑太湖生态类型空间分布多样性特征的基础上,遵循以水生植物为主、促淤效应为辅的沼泽化评价原则,选取水生植物类型、水生植物生物量、沉积速率、平均水深为指标,构建了沼泽化定量评价体系,并对太湖沼泽化综合指数进行分湖区计算.结果表明,太湖沼泽化程度可分3个水平:处于沼泽化盛期的东太湖,其沼泽化综合指数为2.81,为全湖最高;处于沼泽化前期的东部滨岸区、贡湖和南部沿岸区,其沼泽化综合指数分别为1.36、1.19、1.18;不存在沼泽化问题的梅梁湾、西部沿岸区及湖心区,其沼泽化综合指数分别为0.90、0.79、0.05.对沼泽化程度严重的东太湖有必要采取人工生物量控制、生态清淤、围网养殖规划等减缓沼泽化进程的治理措施.     

吸附反应时间对除草剂阿特拉津吸附行为的影响

采用批量动态实验方法,对潮土中阿特拉津吸附特征随吸附反应时间变化进行了研究。结果表明,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随反应时间的变化符合双曲线函数关系。在50μg·L-1～2000μg·L-1浓度系列下,在48h内,土壤颗粒对阿特拉津的吸附属于快反应,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随吸附反应时间呈指数上升,为吸附实验结束(168h)时土壤吸附阿特拉津总量的58%到90%。当吸附反应时间超过48h后,随反应时间增加,土壤吸附阿特拉津量差异变化不显著。阿特拉津在潮土颗粒和土壤溶液中的相分配可用Freundlich方程描述。吸附容量因子Kf与吸附反应时间之间有极显著的线性正关系(r2=0.9063**,p<0.0001)。无量纲的非线性因子n与吸附反应时间之间也具有显著的线性负关系(r2=0.5666*,p=0.0192)。