植物对二氧化硫的净化能力的研究

本文研究试用一种新方法测算植物对SO2的净化能力 植物在伤害阈值的情况下,对SO2的最大吸收强度定为净化SO2的能力。利用开顶式熏气罩对植物进行SO2慢性（低浓度、长时间）处理。达到SO2伤害阈值（5％叶面积上出现可见伤害症状）时,停止处理 根据此时叶内硫含量的增加,计算硫积累速率。从停止熏气后叶内硫含量下降（直至对照水平）的速率计算硫的转运速率。从硫的积累速率和转运速率计算叶片吸收SO2的强度 再引进生物量和生长期两个参数,就可估算地区植被年净化SO2的潜力 本研究对阔叶树（杨、柳、刺槐）、针叶树（油松、桧柏）和农作物（小麦、水稻、玉米、高粱、谷子）进行了净化SO2能力的测算 初步结果表明,此法基本可行。      

新农药环境化学行为研究──除草剂绿草定（Triclopyr）在土壤－水环境中的吸附和光解

研究土壤、腐殖酸、粘土矿对绿草定的吸附及溶液中的光降解的结果表明：吸附强弱与土壤理化特性密切相关,Freundlich常数Kf与（3·OM%＋Clay％）pH3有较好的相关性（r＝0.997）;腐殖酸较粘土矿的吸附容量大;绿草定在土壤中的吸附可能有离子键、氢键、配位键及偶极－偶极作用等。太阳光中小于330nm波长的光对降解有效,波长254nm的光对绿草定的降解作用是波长300nm光的3.5倍。     

生物高度多样性国家初探

本文论述了生物高度多样性国家的概念及这些国家对于保护世界生物多样性所具有的重要意义。重点介绍了7个生物高度多样性国家。讨论了生物高度多样性国家的确定,以及在确立保护生物多样性优先重点中的地位。     

聚乙烯/造纸污泥废弃物复合材料

研究填料粒径和用量对聚乙烯/造纸污泥废弃物复合材料力学性能的影响。采用氢氧化钠和KH-550硅烷作为填料的表面处理剂,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯作为体系的相容剂改善复合材料的综合性能。实验结果表明,这2种方法均可不同程度地提高复合材料的力学性能,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯的加入可以有效改善基体与填料之间的相互作用。     

核废料处置关系人类安全

随着核装置、核力量使用的普及,不仅存在着战争和对抗中由意想不到的差错、事故所造成的巨大危险,还有因核武器制造、核能和平利用过程中出现的种种事故、差错、疏忽大意而造成的惨状。如何处理核电站产生的核废料,成为令各国头疼的问题,全球科学家一直在研究如何处理核废料,中国也不例外。     

Effects of aging and sediment composition on hexachlorobenzene desorption resistance compared to oral bioavailability in rats

Studies were conducted to assess the effects of black carbon, clay type and aging (1-1.5yr) on desorption and bioavailability of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in spiked artificial sediments. Tenax (a super sorbent)-mediated desorption was used to examine the effects of these parameters on the physicochemical availability of HCB. The Tenax-mediated desorption of HCB from the four aged artificial sediments exhibited biphasic kinetics. The fast desorbing fractions ranged from 64.8% to 22.3%, showing reductions of 4.0-18.9% compared with freshly-spiked sediments. Statistical analysis on the fast desorbing fractions showed that all three treatment effects (i.e., montmorillonite clay, black carbon content, and aging) were significant. Two sediments with higher black carbon content exhibited much greater aging effects (i.e., greater reduction in fast desorbing fraction) than the other two sediments without the addition of black carbon. For both freshly-spiked and aged sediments, the desorption resistant sediment-bound HCB (i.e., slow desorbing fraction) correlated reasonably well to previously reported rat fecal elimination of HCB, which is a measure of the non-bioavailable fraction of sediment-bound HCB. A similar correlation was also observed between fast desorbing fraction and previously reported accumulation of HCB in the rat body (carcass+skin). These observations suggest that physicochemical availability, as defined by the desorption of HCB from sediments, provides a reasonable prediction of the oral bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB to rats. These results showed that montmorillonite clay, black carbon and aging reduced physicochemical availability and ultimately bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB.     

Modeling uptake kinetics of cadmium by field-grown lettuce

Cadmium uptake by field grown Romaine lettuce treated with P-fertilizers of different Cd levels was investigated over an entire growing season. Results indicated that the rate of Cd uptake at a given time of the season can be satisfactorily described by the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, that is, plant uptake increases as the Cd concentration in soil solution increases, and it gradually approaches a saturation level. However, the rate constant of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics changes over the growing season. Under a given soil Cd level, the cadmium content in plant tissue decreases exponentially with time. To account for the dynamic nature of Cd uptake, a kinetic model integrating the time factor was developed to simulate Cd plant uptake over the growing season: C Plant=C Solution.PUF max.exp[-b.t], where C Plant and C Solution refer to the Cd content in plant tissue and soil solution, respectively, PUF max and b are kinetic constants.     

伯胺N1923萃取一元有机酸的研究

考察了伯胺Ｎ１９２３对甲酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸以氯乙酸、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸等一元有机酸的萃取、萃取反应属离子缔合机理,有机相中主要生成１：１的萃合物。探讨了有机酸种类、稀释剂性质、温度和无机盐等对萃取的影响。     

微乳液中2,4—二硝基氯苯水解反应的研究

研究了２,４－硝基氯苯在十二烷基磺酸钠／油／醇／水组成的Ｏ／Ｗ型微乳液中的水解反应。考察了烃,醇与表面活性剂的种类及用量,ＯＨ＾－浓度和温度等对Ｏ／Ｗ型微乳液中２,４－二硝基氯苯水解反应的影响。     

近代分析技术研究农药与土壤活性组份作用机理

土壤中的粘土矿物和腐植酸是对农药吸附的最主要两类活性组份。作者从基于红外光谱（IR）、电子自旋共振谱（ESR）、X-衍射等近代分析技术,对农药在土壤活性组份上吸附机理的研究方法和主要结论进行了综述。