生物多样性与可持续发展的关系

生物多样性主要包括物种多样性,生态系统多样性和遗传多样性３个层次,本文围绕这３个层次,介绍了我国丰富我采的生物多样性,分析比较了生物多样性与可持续发展的相互作用及关系,探讨了我国为实施可持续发展而进行的生物多样性保护的一些措施和行动。     

水溶液中α-萘乙酸的光降解研究

为了解α－萘乙酸在环境中滞留、迁移和转化等行为,以降低率紫外灯和荧光灯为光源,对水溶液中的ＮＡＡ进行光降解。研究结果表明,主波长为２５４ｎｍ的紫外光能有效降解ＮＡＡ,降解呈一级动力学反应,而主波长为３６５ｎｍ的长波光对ＮＡＡ几乎不降解;添加ＴｉＯ２能有效催化ＮＡＡ的降解,采用ＧＣ－ＭＳ技术鉴定了几种光解主要产物,ＮＡＡ的光降解包括氧化脱羧和芳环的氧化断裂过程。     

生物膜与A/O工艺耦合快速降解氨氮

应用由城市污水处理厂序批式间歇反应器(SBR)中筛选得到的4株特殊氨氧化菌,分别在SBR和有回流的生物膜与A/O工艺耦合体系培养中,考察其降解低碳高氨氮废水的功能.结果表明,自养硝化与异养氨氧化菌的混合菌群较单一自养硝化菌株降解氨氮速率快;在生物膜与A/O工艺耦合系统中,自养硝化与异养氨氧化菌协同代谢加速氨氮氧化脱除,氨氮脱除速率远比SBR系统快.对生物膜与A/O工艺耦合系统中氨氮脱除动力学进行了研究,模拟了NH4 、NO2-质量浓度与氨氮脱除比速率之间的关系,模型得到了较好的验证.     

矿化垃圾生物反应床处理含酚废水工艺研究

研究了矿化垃圾生物反应床处理含酚废水的工艺参数.矿化垃圾生物反应床在经过驯化后,形成了稳定的微生物系统,反应床对有机酚具有较高的去除率.有机酚的去除率受湿干比影响较大,随着配水速率的提高,反应床对有机酚的去除率逐渐下降,配水速率大于0.342 cm/min时,去除率急速下降.在进水有机酚质量浓度为20 mg/L,连续配水时间6 h,湿干比为1∶8,配水速率为0.254 cm/min的条件下,反应床出水可达到或接近国家三级排放标准.     

HMX粒度、粒度级配对混合传爆药性能影响的研究

通过喷射方法把主体炸药 HMX重结晶后 ,将其制成粗细不同的几种粒度药粉 ,并按粗细不同比例进行级配 ,随后采用 SSGT和爆速测试 ,研究了不同粒度及粒度级配对其混合传爆药冲击波感度和爆速的影响规律 ,并对其结果进行了理论分析。由于实验条件的限制 ,还不能达到按要求控制条件以细化出要求的各种粒径 ,所以实验所选的几种级配粒度是随机的 ,因而具有代表性。     

农药污染土壤的生物修复技术

本文综述了土壤农药有机污染的生物修复技术 ,重点分析了植物、微生物对土壤农药污染的修复机制以及影响因子 ,介绍了几种生物修复技术     

微乳法制备W/O型Fe3O4磁流体及其清除水面浮油模拟研究

应用复合乳化剂和助表面活性剂制备出稳定的油包水(W／O)型微乳液,利用拟三元相图和体系电导随组成的变化,探明了一定条件下形成W／O型微乳液的最佳体系,进而利用W／O型微乳液作为“微反应器”合成Fe2O4磁流体,应用TEM对制备的磁流体进行了表征．初步模拟了用磁流体清除水面浮油的实验,获得令人满意的结果。     

我国人居环境现状和改善对策

本文分析了我国人类环境现状及面临的主要问题,提出了改善人居环境的对策,研究制定法规政策和发展规划、计划,并切实实施,把住宅建设和城市基础设施建设放在重要位置,加强科技工作和国际合作工作。     

TOF–SIMS surface analysis of chemical components of size–fractioned urban aerosols in a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing

Size–fractioned atmospheric aerosol particles were collected during a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing. The organic and inorganic components on the surfaces of the samples were analyzed using time–of–flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF–SIMS).The variation characteristics of the surface chemical composition and influencing factors were studied, and the possible sources of these chemical compositions were identified through principal component analysis. The results showed that inorganic components such as crustal elements and sulfate, and organic components such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygen–containing organic groups were present. Some surface components, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and fluorides may exert adverse effects on human health. The species and relative percentages of the chemical components varied with particle size, diurnal and pollution progress. During a heavy pollution event, the species and relative percentages of secondary components such as oxygen–containing organic groups and sulfurous compounds increased, indicating that particles aged during this event. The surface chemical composition of the aerosol particles was affected mainly by emissions from coal combustion and motor vehicles. In addition, air pollution, meteorological factors, and air mass transport also exerted a significant effect on the surface chemical composition of aerosol particles.     

Size distribution and source of heavy metals in particulate matter on the lead and zinc smelting affected area

In order to understand the size distribution and the main kind of heavy metals in particulate matter on the lead and zinc smelting affected area, particulate matter(PM) and the source samples were collected in Zhuzhou, Hunan Province from December 2011 to January 2012 and the results were discussed and interpreted. Atmospheric particles were collected with different sizes by a cascade impactor. The concentrations of heavy metals in atmospheric particles of different sizes, collected from the air and from factories, were measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The results indicated that the average concentration of PM, chromium(Cr), arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd) and lead(Pb) in PM was177.3 ± 33.2 μg/m~3, 37.3 ± 8.8 ng/m~3, 17.3 ± 8.1 ng/m~3, 4.8 ± 3.1 ng/m~3 and 141.6 ± 49.1 ng/m~3,respectively. The size distribution of PM displayed a bimodal distribution; the maximum PM size distribution was at 1.1–2.1 μm, followed by 9–10 μm. The size distribution of As, Cd and Pb in PM was similar to the distribution of the PM mass, with peaks observed at the range of1.1–2.1 μm and 9–10 μm ranges while for Cr, only a single-mode at 4.7–5.8 μm was observed. PM(64.7%), As(72.5%), Cd(72.2%) and Pb(75.8%) were associated with the fine mode below 2.1 μm,respectively, while Cr(46.6%) was associated with the coarse mode. The size distribution characteristics, enrichment factor, correlation coefficient values, source information and the analysis of source samples showed that As, Cd and Pb in PM were the typical heavy metal in lead and zinc smelting affected areas, which originated mainly from lead and zinc smelting sources.